Irania

Irania^[1]^[2] (Persice ايران, API: [iːˈɾɑn]), etiam usitatissime ante annum 1935 Persia,^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] rite Respublica Islamica Iraniae (Persice جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri ye Eslāmi ye Irān) appellata, est civitas sui iuris in Asia Occidentali sita. Finitur ab Iraquia Turciaque ad occidentem versus, Atropatene Armeniaque ad occidente et septentrionem versus, a mari Caspio Turcmeniaque ad septentrionem versus, ab Afgania Pakistaniaque ad orientem versus, et Sinu Omaniensi Sinuque Persico ad meridiem versus. Sua area superficialis est 1 648 195 chiliometra quadrata, ut quarta a maxima civitate omnino in Asia sit et secunda a maxima civitate in Asia Occidentali, post Arabiam Saudianam. Numerus civium est 85 milliones, ut septima decima a frequentissima orbis terrarum civitate sit.^[7] Caput et maxima urbs est Teheranum (nomine Latino antiquo Rhagae appellatum), urbibus Mashhad, Isfahano, Karaj, Sirasio, et Tauri sequentibus.

Terrae hodie Iranicae sunt locus unius ex veterrimis orbis terrarum civilizationibus,^[8]^[9] ex regnis Elamiticis millennio quarto a.C.n. exortis, quae in unum saeculo septimo a.C.n. redacta sunt a Medibus, antiquis gentibus Iranicis,^[10] et maximas terras suas saeculo sexto a.C.n. superaverunt, cum Cyrus Magnus Imperium Achaemenidarum conderet, quod vicissim unum e maximis imperiis notis factum est, unde prima mundi superpotentia politica reapse describitur.^[11] Imperium Achmaenidarum Alexandro Magno saeculo quarto a.C.n. cecidit, et deinde in aliquot civitates Hellenisticas divisum est. Homines seditiosi Regnum Parthorum saeculo tertio a.C.n. constituerunt, cui Imperium Sassanidarum saeculo tertio p.C.n. successit, quattuor saeculis sequentibus magna mundi potestas.^[12]^[13]

Etymologia

Iraniae territorium praecox ante Alexandrum Magnum, praecipue in scriptis cuneiformibus Accadicis et Babylonicis protonymo antiquissimo Arran et Erran indicatum est, ac deinde huius nomen recens, Irania, etiam continuatur.

Geographia

Divisio administrativa

Conferatur pagina principalis: Provinciae Iraniae.

Maria et lacus

Nomina classica (et hodierna):

Flumina maiora

Arius (Hari Rud / Tejen)
Choaspes (Karkeh)
Etymander (Helmand)
Pasitigris (Khersan)
Sarnius (Atrak)
Sitacus (Mend)

Montes

Urbes et oppida

Antiochia in Persis (Bushehr)
Apphana (Abadan)
Apamea Rhagiana (Aradan)
Ardebilia
Aspadana/Gabae (Isfahan)
Bagistane (Behistun)
Casbinum
Callone (Ravansar)
Carmana (Kerman)
Comum
Dariopolis (Darab)
Ecbatana/Epiphanea (Hamadan)
Gamronum (Bandar-e-Abbas)
Garmsar
Gazaca (Mahabad)
Gogana (Kangan)
Gorgan (Zadracarta)
Hecatompylus (Emamrud)
Hyrcanis (Gonbade-Kavus)
Iasd (Yazd)
Issatis (Bafq)
Laodicea in Media (Nahavand)
Mexatum
Nisapurum
Pasargadae (Saadatabad)
Persepolis (Tahte-Jamshad)
Piranshahr
Pura (Iranshahr)
Qaem Shahr
Rhagae/Europus (Rai)
Sidodone (Bandar-e-Lengh)
Siraca (Sarakhs)
Susa (Shushtar)
Susia (Tūs vel Ṭūs)
Tabae (Tabas)
Taoce (Shiraz)
Tauris (Tabriz)
Teheranum (Teheran), Persiae metropolis
Vasetum
Zangivand
Zengana

Civilitas

Irania est civitas theocratica. Die 14 Iunii 2013, Hassan Rohani praeses electus,^[14] et die 3 Augusti 2013 creatus est. Minister rerum externarum est Mahometus Javād Zarīf. Schirin Ebadi ad iura humana et democratiam insigniter agit.

Religio

Quasi omnes Iraniae incolae se Islamicos fractionis Siiticae profitentur, sed Iran est cunabulum religionarum Zoroastrismi et Baha'ismi.

Res gestae

Olim ex Irania ortum est potentissimum Imperium Persarum, adversarium Graeciae; postea etiam regna Parthorum et Sassanidarum, imperii Romani contemporanea. Vide etiam commentarios de Arsacidis, Sassinidis, Seleucidis.

Ex anno 1979, cum ultimus imperator Machometus Reza Pahlavi ex Irania propter rerum eversionem fugere deberet, haec civitas est res publica Islamica.

Ab anno 1980 usque ad annum 1988, Ruhullah Khumayni duce, bellum ardebat cruentum inter Iraniam et Iraquiam.

Nexus interni

Notae

↑ Karl Hoeck, Veteris Mediae et Persiae monumenta (1818), p. 125.
↑ "Concordia de programmate nucleari iraniae," Nuntii Latini, 29 Novembris 2013.
↑ Ehsan Yarshater, "Communication," Iranian Studies, Ianuario 1989, 22 (1): 62–65. Decretum Decembri 1934 promulgatum rogavit ut civitates alienae nomen "Iraniam" potius "Persiam" usurparentur; anno autem 1959, ambo nomina permitti coeperunt.
↑ "Persia". www.historyfiles.co.uk.
↑ D. N. Mackenzie (15 Decembris 1998). "Ērān, Ērānšahr". Encyclopaedia Iranica. iranicaonline.org .
↑ A. Fishman, Joshua (2010). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives (Volume 1). Oxford University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-19-537492-6 .
↑ Iran Population (2021) - Worldometer. . www.worldometers.info
↑ Whatley, Christopher (2001). Bought and Sold for English Gold: The Union of 1707. Tuckwell Press
↑ Lowell Barrington (2012). Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices, ed. secunda: Structures and Choices. Cengage Learning. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-111-34193-0 .
↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopedia Article: Media ancient region, Iran .
↑ David Sacks; Oswyn Murray; Lisa R. Brody; Oswyn Murray; Lisa R. Brody (2005). Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world. Infobase Publishing. pp. 256 (dextra paginae parte). ISBN 978-0-8160-5722-1 .
↑ Stillman, Norman A. (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands. Jewish Publication Society. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8276-1155-9 .
↑ Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haarer, Fiona K. (2006). Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21–26 August, 2006, Volume 1. Ashgate Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-7546-5740-8 .
↑ De victoria Rohani praesidis (euronews.com).

Bibliographia

Amirpur, Katajun, et Reinhard Witzke. 2004. "Schauplatz Iran: Ein Report." Herder-Spektrum 5535. Freiburg im Breisgau, Basiliae, Vindobonae: Herder. ISBN 3-451-05535-X.
Axworthy, Michael (2008). A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-09876-7 .
Baykal, Hakan. 2007. Vom Perserreich zum Iran: 3000 Jahre Kultur und Geschichte. Stutgardiae: Theiss ISBN 978-3-8062-2035-3.
Bellaigue, Christopher de. 2006. Im Rosengarten der Märtyrer: Ein Portrait des Iran. Monaci: C. H. Beck. ISBN 3-406-54374-X.
Bibliotheca Congressionalis. 2008. Iran: A Country Study. Vasingtoniae: Library of Congress. PDF.
Bode, W., et H. D. Knapp, eds. 2005. Schutz der Biologischen Vielfalt und integriertes Management der Kaspischen Wälder (Nordiran). Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt, 12. Bonn-Bad Godesber: Bundesamt für Naturschutz. ISBN 3-7843-3912-3.
Curzon, George Nathaniel. 1986. Curzon's Persia, ed Peter King. Londinii: Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 0-283-99742-7. =1892: Persia and the Persian Question.
Ehlers, Eckhart. 1980. Iran. Wissenschaftliche Länderkunden, 18. Darmstadiae.
Fabry, Philipp W. 1980. Iran, die Sowjetunion und das kriegführende Deutschland im Sommer und Herbst 1940. Gottingae.
Fabry, Philipp W. 1983. Zwischen Schah und Ayatollah: Ein Deutscher im Spannungsfeld der iranischen Revolution. Darmstadiae.
Felgentreff, Carsten, Hans-Joachim Bürkner, et Manfred Rolfens, eds. 2006. Die Islamische Republik Iran Eine Studienreise. Praxis Kultur- und Sozialgeographie, 39. Potsdamiae: Universitätsverlag Potsdam. ISBN 3-939469-25-4.
Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G.R.G; Melville, C. (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. 7. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0 .
Foltz, Richard. 2016. Iran in World History. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-933550-3.
Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-336-1 .
Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-5163-7 .
Kasraian, Nasrollah, et Ziba Arshi. 2001. Our Homeland Iran. ISBN 964-416-170-X.
Kermani, Navid. 2005. Iran: Die Revolution der Kinder, ed. secunda Beck’sche Reihe, 1485). Monaci: C. H. Beck. 2005, ISBN 3-406-47625-2.
Parhisi, Parinas. 2010. "Frauen in der iranischen Verfassungsordnung." Dissertatio. Beiheft zu „Verfassung und Recht in Übersee, 24. Badeniae: Nomos. ISBN 978-3-8329-5492-5.
Perthes, Volker. 2008. Iran: Eine politische Herausforderung: Die prekäre Balance von Vertrauen und Sicherheit. Edition Suhrkamp, 2572. Francofurti: Suhrkamp. ISBN 978-3-518-12572-4.
Riahi, Roman Laal/ 2010. Der Iran von den Qajaren bis zur Islamischen Republik: Politische Kultur unter den Bedingungen asymmetrischer Interaktion. Dissertatio. Tönning, Lübeck, Marburg: Der Andere Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86247-053-2.
Saikal, Amin. 2019. Iran Rising: The Survival and Future of the Islamic Republic. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-17547-8.
Schirra, Bruno. 2006. Iran: Sprengstoff für Europa. Berolini: Econ. ISBN 3-430-17957-2.
Stodte, Claudia. 2018. Iran, ed.septima. Edition Erde Reiseführer. Bremen: Edition Temmen. ISBN 978-3-86108-860-8.
Takeyh, Ray. 2006. Hidden Iran: Paradox and Power in the Islamic Republic. Novi Eboraci. ISBN 0-8050-7976-9.
Wahdat-Hagh, Wahied. 2003. Die islamische Republik Iran: Die Herrschaft des politischen Islam als eine Spielart des Totalitarismus. Dissertatio. Konfrontation und Kooperation im Vorderen Orient, 10. Münster: LIT. ISBN 3-8258-6781-1.
Widengren, Geo. 1961. Iranische Geisteswelt von den Anfängen bis zum Islam. Badeniae: Holle.
Wiedermann, Charlotte. 2017. Der neue Iran: Eine Gesellschaft tritt aus dem Schatten. Monaci: DTV. ISBN 978-3-423-28124-9.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Iraniam spectant.

Situs geographici et historici: Locus: 32°0′0″N 53°0′0″E • OpenStreetMap • GeoNames • Thesaurus Getty • Commentatio Theodisce, Francogallice, Italice apud Lexicon historicum Helveticum • Iran_-_område_i_Asia Store norske Lexikon • Treccani • Большая российская энциклопедия

Officina electronica Ducis Supremi Iraniae.
Situs interretialis Praesidis Iraniae proprius.
Situs Iran.ir. Formula:Webarchive.
De Irana in The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency.

Civitates et territoria Asiae

Civitates	Atropatene · Afgania · Arabia Saudiana · Armenia · Baharina · Bangladesa · Birmania · Bruneium · Butania · Cambosia · Chirgisia · Corea meridiana · Corea septentrionalis · Cuvaitum · Cyprus · Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti · Georgia · Iaponia · Iemenia · India · Indonesia · Iordania · Iracum · Irania · Israël · Kazachstania · Laotia · Libanus · Malaesia · insulae Maldivae · Mongolia · Nepalia · Omania · Pakistania · Philippinae · Quataria · Russia · Sinae · Singapura · Syria · Tadzikistania · Taprobane · Thailandia · Timora Orientalis · Turcia · Turcomannia · Uzbecia · Vietnamia
Civitates statu dubio	Abascia · Carabachia Superior · Cyprus septentrionalis · Ossetia Meridionalis · Taivania
Territoria obnoxia et statu dubio	Acroterium et Decelea · Casmiria · Territoria Palaestinensia

Opus geopoliticum • Nationes mundi • Asia

Capsae cognatae: Africa • America • Europa • Oceania

Irania : politica

Principes Iraniae (1925-)


Rezā Pahlawī rex regum 1925 • Mahometus Rezā Pahlawī rex regum 1944 • Rūḥullāh Khumaynī conductor 1979 • Ali Khamenei conductor 1989 Opus geopoliticum • Duces civitatum Asiaticarum hodiernarum Capsae cognatae: Praesides Iraniae

Praesides Iraniae


Abulhassan Banisadr 1980 • Mohammad-Ali Rajai 1981 • Ali Khamenei 1981 • Hāšimī Rafsanǧanī 1989 • Mahometus Ḫātamī 1997 • Mahmudus Aḥmadīnežād 2005 • Ḥasan Rūḥānī 2013 • Ibraimus Ra’īsī 2021 • Mohammad Mokhber 2024 ad interim Opus geopoliticum • Gubernatores civitatum Asiaticarum hodiernarum Capsae cognatae: Principes Iraniae • Ministri rerum externarum Iranienses

Ministri rerum externarum Iranienses (1979–)

Karīm Sanǧabī 1979 • Mahdī Bāzargān 1979 • Abrahamus Yazdī 1979 • Abū al-Hasan Banīṣadr 1979 • Ṣādiq Quṭbzādih 1979 • Mīr Ḥusayn Mūsawī 1981 • ʿAlī Ākbar Wilāyatī 1981 • Kamāl Ḫarāzī 1997 • Manūšahr Muttakī 2005 • ʿAlī Ākbar Ṣālaḥī 2010 • Mahometus Ǧawād Ẓarīf 2013 • Husainus Amīr ʿAbd al-Lahīān 2021 • Ali Bagheri Kani 2024 ad interim

كريم سنجابي • ‏مهدی بازرگان • إبراهيم اليزدي • ابوالحسن بنی‌صدر‎ • صادق قطب زاده • مير حسين موسوي • علي أكبر ولايتي • كمال خرازي • منوشهر متكي • علي أكبر صالحي • محمد جواد ظريف • حسین امیرعبداللهیان

Opus geopoliticum • Ministri a rebus externis civitatum Asiaticarum hodiernarum

Capsae cognatae: Praesides Iraniae

[1] Karl Hoeck, Veteris Mediae et Persiae monumenta (1818), p. 125.

[2] "Concordia de programmate nucleari iraniae," Nuntii Latini, 29 Novembris 2013.

[3] Ehsan Yarshater, "Communication," Iranian Studies, Ianuario 1989, 22 (1): 62–65. Decretum Decembri 1934 promulgatum rogavit ut civitates alienae nomen "Iraniam" potius "Persiam" usurparentur; anno autem 1959, ambo nomina permitti coeperunt.

[4] "Persia". www.historyfiles.co.uk.

[Iranicaonline.org-5] D. N. Mackenzie (15 Decembris 1998). "Ērān, Ērānšahr". Encyclopaedia Iranica. iranicaonline.org .

[Fishman-6] A. Fishman, Joshua (2010). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives (Volume 1). Oxford University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-19-537492-6 .

[7] Iran Population (2021) - Worldometer. . www.worldometers.info

[8] Whatley, Christopher (2001). Bought and Sold for English Gold: The Union of 1707. Tuckwell Press

[9] Lowell Barrington (2012). Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices, ed. secunda: Structures and Choices. Cengage Learning. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-111-34193-0 .

[Encyclopædia_Britannica_Encyclopedia_Article:_Media_ancient_region,_Iran-10] Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopedia Article: Media ancient region, Iran .

[book-11] David Sacks; Oswyn Murray; Lisa R. Brody; Oswyn Murray; Lisa R. Brody (2005). Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world. Infobase Publishing. pp. 256 (dextra paginae parte). ISBN 978-0-8160-5722-1 .

[Norman_A._Stillman_p._22-12] Stillman, Norman A. (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands. Jewish Publication Society. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8276-1155-9 .

[Byzantine_Studies_2006,_p._29-13] Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haarer, Fiona K. (2006). Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21–26 August, 2006, Volume 1. Ashgate Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-7546-5740-8 .

[14] De victoria Rohani praesidis (euronews.com).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]