Bellum
Bellum (-i, n.) est eventum sociale et politicum, e concursu armato saepe constans. Bellum saepe anteceditur a discordiae tempore atque discriminis. Hac aetate legati ambarum factionum (vel civitatum) enixe (vel autem ficte) bellum cavere conantur. Exercitus vim fiduciamque factionis ostendunt: non numquam adversarium tantum exanimant, ut bellum ambo aemuli amovere statuant.


Pugnantur bella ad ubertatem loci tenendam; ad solvendas mercatorias vel finium controversias; propter discordiam de pecuniis; ob dissensiones civiles religionis vel doctrinae causa; et multis de causis aliis.
Saepe in bello et vincere et vinci luctuosum ac sumptuosum civitati et gentibus est. Bella a militibus informibus fere geruntur, qui a civitatibus suis solvuntur. Hi bellum cum armis, quae trans tempus variant, gerunt.
Ius in bello est pars iuris internationalis, et praescribit quibus de causis bella geri possint; praetera plurimae nationes orbis terrarum tantum bellum quod ad defendendum geritur probant. De causis belli iusti a temporibus Romanorum controversiae fuerunt, quae a patribus Christianis[1] et iuris peritis sequentibus continuatae sunt, dum in Concordantia discordantium canonum Gratiani, dicta breviter decreto Gratiani, collectae sunt..
Sententiae nonnullae de belloRecensere
- "Et [Deus] iudicabit inter populos multos et decernet gentibus fortibus usque in longinquum; et concident gladios suos in vomeres et hastas suas in falces; non sumet gens adversus gentem gladium, neque discent ultra belligerare." (Micha 4,3; translatio Nova Vulgata Bibliae)
- "Si vis pacem, para bellum." (Vegetius)
- "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori." (Horatius) in (III.2.13?):[2]
- "Inter arma enim silent leges." (Cicero)
- "Pugnant homines pugnas quia terrarum orbis factus sine homine est, atque sine homine finem habebit." (pellicula Tiger ac nix, Italiane: La tigre e la neve)
- "Gladius axis orbis terrarum est et potentia eius absoluta est." (Carolus de Gaulle)
- "Hostes hi sunt, qui nobis aut quibus nos publice bellum decrevimus, ceteri latrones aut praedones sunt." (Digestae 50,16,118)
Nexus interni
NotaeRecensere
- ↑ .Ambrosius, De officiis ministrorum; Augustinus De civitate dei et Quaestiones in Heptateuchum.
- ↑ "Q. Horati Flaccvs". The Latin Library
BibliographiaRecensere
- Capulla, Duane M. 2008. War Wolf. University of Pili.
- Chagnon, Nicholas. 1983. The Yanomamo. Novi Eboraci: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
- Codevilla, Angelo M., et Paul Seabury. 2006. War: Ends and Means. Ed, 2a, Potomac Books.
- Codevilla, Angelo M. 2005. No Victory, No Peace. Rowman and Littlefield.
- Gad, Barzilai. 1996. Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East. Albaniae: State University of New York Press,
- Clausewitz, Carl Von. 1976. On War. Princetoniae: Princeton University Press.
- Fornari, Franco. 1974. The Psychoanalysis of War. Conv. Alenka Pfeifer. Garden City, Novi Eboraci: Doubleday Anchor Press. Reimp. 1975. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Fry, Douglas P. 2005. The Human Potential for Peace: An Anthropological Challenge to Assumptions about War and Violence. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
- Gat, Azar. 2006. War in Human Civilization. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
- Heinsohn, Gunnar. 2003. Söhne und Weltmacht: Terror im Aufstieg und Fall der Nationen. Orell Füssli. Free download.
- Keeley, Lawrence. 1996. War Before Civilization. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
- LeBlanc, S. A. 1999. Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest. University of Utah Press.
- Fabio Maniscalco, (2007). World Heritage and War – monographic series "Mediterraneum", vol. VI. Massa, Naples
- Karsten, Rafael. 1923. Blood revenge, war, and victory feasts among the Jibaro Indians of eastern Ecuador.
- Keegan, John. 1994. "A History Of Warfare." Pimlico.
- Kelly, Raymond C. 2000. Warless Societies and the Origin of War. University of Michigan Press.
- Livingstone Smith, David (2007). The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War ,. St. Martin's Press
- Otterbein, Keit. 2004. How War Began.
- Pauketat, Timothy. 2005. North American Archaeology. Blackwell Publishing.
- Small, Melvin & Singer, David J. (1982). Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars,. Sage Publications
- Turchin, P. 2005. War and Peace and War: Life Cycles of Imperial Nations. Novi Eboraci: Pi Press.
- Van Creveld, Martin. The Art of War: War and Military Thought. Londinii: Cassell, Wellington House.
- Wade, Nicholas. 2006. Before the Dawn. Novi Eboraci: Penguin.
- Walzer, Michael. 1977. Just and Unjust Wars. Basic Books.
- Zimmerman, L. 1981. The Crow Creek Site Massacre: A Preliminary Report. US Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District.
Nexus externusRecensere
Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Bellum spectant. |
Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Actionem belli spectant. |
Vicicitatio habet citationes quae ad Bellum spectant. |
Vicicitatio habet citationes quae ad Bellum spectant. |
- "Correlates of War Project," www.umich.edu
- "Correlates of War 2," cow2.la.psu.edu
- Contra bellum, www.antiwar.com
- "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry," plato.stanford.edu
- "Complex Emergency Database (CE-DAT), www.cedat.org
- "The Art of the War," apud www.literalmagazine.com
- "World War I primary source collection," libluna.colorado.edu
- "Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century," necrometrics.com
- "International humanitarian law," www.icrc.org (International Committee of the Red Cross)
- "Customary international humanitarian law," www.icrc.org (International Committee of the Red Cross)
- "International humanitarian law database," www.icrc.org (Treaties and States Parties)
- "Customary IHL Database," www.icrc.org