Birgus latro

Birgus latro est maximum orbis terrarum arthropodum terrestre, quod habet probabiliter maximum animalium terrestrium exosceletum quod in atmosphaera hodierna fieri potest.^[3] Vulgo appellatur etiam cancer latro et latro palmarum quia tradunt nonnullos Birgos latrones res fulgidas sicut olla et utensilia ex domibus et tabernaculis efferre. Species in regionibus silvarum litoralium multarum insularum Indopacificarum habitat, sed species est exstincta in aliquibus locis ubi ea prope homines vixerat. Hic cancer, usitate nocturnus, se interdiu latet aliquibusque noctu ut pabuletur emergit. Birgus latro est apomorphicissimus cancer eremiticus, notus pro facultate cocotium fortibus bracchiis fractarum ad interiorem edendum. Is est sola species generis Birgi, ad terrestres cancros eremiticos generis Coenobitae arte conecta.^[4]

Animalia — Arthropoda

Subphylum : Crustacea
Classis : Malacostraca
Ordo : Decapoda
Subordo : Pleocyemata
Infraordo : Anomura
Superfamilia : Paguroidea
Familia : Coenobitidae
Genus : Birgus
Leach, 1816
Species : B. latro

Birgus latro
(Linnaeus, 1767)

Conservationis status

DD

Status parum cognitus (IUCN 2.3) ^[1]

Synonyma

Cancer latro Linnaeus, 1767 ^[2]

Territorium

Birgi latrones in plurimis litoribus in regione caerulea habitant; puncti rubri sunt primarii et puncti flavi secundarii loci conlocationis.

Descriptio

Imago Birgi latronis in Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle (1849)

Relationes de magnitudine Birgi latronis variantur, sed plurimi fontes dicunt longitudinem corporis ad 40 centimetra,^[5] pondus ad 4.1 chiliogrammata, et captum crurum plus quam 0.91 metrum esse,^[6] maribus usitate muliebribus maioribus. Singuli plus quam triginta annos vivere possunt.^[6]

Corpus Birgi latronis, ut corpora omnium decapodorum, dividitur in partem anteriorem (cephalothoracem), cui sunt decem crura et abdomen. Anticissimis crurum paribus sunt magna chelae (claws), ad aperiendas cocotes adhibitae, et hae chelae res ad 29 chiliogrammata elevare possunt. Promixa paria, sicut in aliis paguroideis, sunt magna et valida crura ambulationis, quae Birgis latronibus facultatem ad arbores (saepe cocotes) recte scandendas faciunt. Proximum crurum par est minus, chelis sicut volsellae in finibus praeditum, ut iuvenes interiorem conchae vel folliculum cocotis ad portandum pro protectione prehendere possint; adulti autem hoc par adhibent ut ambulent et scandant. Ultimum crurum par est perparvum, et tantum organa spirandi purgant. Haec crura usitate intra carapatium tenentur, in foramine quod organa spirationis continet. Est quaedam discrepantia coloris inter animalia in variis insulis inventa, quae a violaceo pallido per atropurpureum ad fuscum variantur.

Victus

Victus Birgorum latronum primum in fructibus carnosis (fleshy) consistit (praecipue Ochrosia ackeringae, Arenga listeri, Pandanus elatus, Pandanus christmatensis), nucibus (cocotes Cocos nucifera et Aleurites moluccana), et seminibus (Annona reticulata).^[7] Ei autem sunt animalia omnivora, quae alias consumunt res organicas, sicut testudinidae nuper ex ovis exclusae et animalia exanima.^[8]^[9] Ea etiam observata sunt dum alios cancros sympatricos praedabantur, inter quos Gecarcoidea natalis et Discoplax hirtipes, et dum cadavera conspecifica (animalium sui generis) edebant.^[7] Unus cancer per experimentum schedarum (tagging experiment) rattum Polynesium capiendum comedendumque observatus est.^[10] In inventis recentioribus inest quod Birgi latrones reliquias Amaliae Earhart e conspectu evanescere effecerunt, quas ei comederunt, ossibus in cuniculo coacervatis.^[11] Birgi latrones cibum intercipere saepe conantur, et eum in cuniculos trahunt ut edentes sint securi.

Distributio geographica et habitatio

Birgi latrones inter se magnitudine et colore variant.

Birgi latrones Bora Borae in insula Polynesiae Francicae cocoes scandunt.

Birgi latrones in regionibus ab Oceano Indico ad medium Oceanum Pacificum habitant. Insulae Christi Natalis in Oceano Indico est orbis terrarum maximus optimeque conservatus animalium numerus. Alii in Oceano Indico numeri in Insulis Seisellensibus habitant, praecipue in Aldabra, Insulis Gloriosis, Insula Astove, Insula Adsumptionis, et Cosmoledo, sed ei in mediis insulis exstincti sunt. Ei etiam noti sunt in nonnullis Insulis Andamanensibus et in Insulae Nicobarensibus in Sinu Bengalensi. Libere palantur magni numeri in Catena Chagos (Chagos Archipelago). Occidentalis areae geographicae finis est Zanzibar, ante litus Tanzaniae,^[4] cum tropici Cancri Capricornique sunt septentrionalis australisque termini proprie, et pauci numeri in subtropicis habitant, sicut Insulae Ryukyu (Drew et al. 2010:46). Sunt indicia Birgum latronem in terris Australiae et Madagascariae olim vixisse, et in insula Mauritia, sed his in locis non iam habitat (Drew et al. 2010:46).

Geographica Birgi latronis area in Pacifico graduatim nota est. Carolus Darwin putabat eum "in una curalii insula ad septentriones Gregis Societatis" habitare; species autem est longius latiusque diffusa, quamquam haud dubie non ampla in unaquaque insula Pacifica ubi locum tenent.^[12] Magni Birgorum latronum numeri Insulis Cook vivunt, praecipue Pukapukae, Suwarrow, Mangaiae, Takuteae, Mauke, Atiu, et Insulae Palmerston. Hae insulae sunt prope terminos animalis distributionis geographicae, ut sunt Insulae Lineares Kiribatorum, ubi ea praecipue Terainae (Insulae Washington) sunt frequentissima, cui est silva cocotibus abundans,^[13] et Insulae Carolinae. Orientalis speciei terminus est Insulae Gambier.^[4]

Historia taxinomica

Secundum relationem Georgii Eberhard Rumphii (1705), qui hoc animal "Cancrum cruentatum" appellaverat, Carolus Linnaeus (1767) speciem Cancrum latronem appellavit.^[14] Genus autem Birgus anno 1816 a Gulielmo Elford Leach erectum est, solum Linnaei Cancrum latronem comprehendens, qui sic Birgus latro necessarie appellatur.^[15]

In pelliculis

Apparet scaena magni momenti de Birgo latrone capiendo in Moana, pellicula a Roberto Flaherty Savaiis in insula Samoana decennio 193 facta, qua puer sollers cancrum latentem fumo elicit.

Notae

↑ IUCN
↑ Patsy McLaughlin (2009). "Birgus latro (Linnaeus, 1767)". In P. McLaughlin. World Paguroidea database. World Register of Marine Species
↑ R. Piper (2007). Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33922-8 .
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Hartnoll (1988), p. 16
↑ Piotr Naskrecki (2005). The Smaller Majority. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 38. ISBN 0-674-01915-6
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 World Wildlife Fund (2001). "Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests (IM0125)". Terrestrial Ecoregions. National Geographic
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Joanne E. Wilde, Stuart M. Linton & Peter Greenaway (2004). "Dietary assimilation and the digestive strategy of the omnivorous anomuran land crab Birgus latro (Coenobitidae)". Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 174 (4): 299–308 .
↑ Peter Greenaway (2001). "Sodium and water balance in free-ranging robber crabs, Birgus latro (Anomura: Coenobitidae)". Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (2): 317–327
↑ Peter Greenaway (2003). "Terrestrial adaptations in the Anomura (Crustacea: Decapoda)" (PDF). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 60 (1): 13–26 .
↑ Curt Kessler (2005). "Observation of a coconut crab, Birgus latro (Linnaeus, 1767) predation on a Polynesian rat, Rattus exulans (Peale, 1848)". Crustaceana 78 (6): 761–762 .
↑ Rossella Lorenzi (23 Octobris 2009). "Earhart's Final Resting Place Believed Found". Discovery News .
↑ Thomas H. Streets (1877), "Some account of the natural history of the Fanning group of islands," American Naturalist 11(2):65–72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2448050. doi=10.1086/271824.
↑ Thomas H. Streets (1877), "Some account of the natural history of the Fanning group of islands," American Naturalist 11(2):65–72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2448050. doi=10.1086/271824.
↑ Carolus Linnaeus (1767). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae (12th ed.)
↑ Patsy A. McLaughlin, Tomoyuki Komai, Rafael Lemaitre & Dwi Listyo Rahayu (2010). Part I – Lithodoidea, Lomisoidea and Paguroidea. In Martyn E. Y. Low et S. H. Tan. "Annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the Kiwaoidea and families Chirostylidae and Galatheidae of the Galatheoidea)" (PDF). Zootaxa Suppl. 23: 5–107 .

Fontes

Drew, M. M., S. Harzsch, M. Stensmyr, S. Erland, et B. S. Hansson. 2010. A review of the biology and ecology of the Robber Crab, Birgus latro (Linnaeus, 1767) (Anomura: Coenobitidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger 249 (1): 45–67. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2010.03.001.
Flaherty, Robert. 1926. Moana. Pellicula. Hollywood: Paramount.
Hartnoll, Richard. 1988. Evolution, systematics, and geographical distribution. In Biology of the Land Crabs, ed. Warren W. Burggren et Brian Robert McMahon, 6–54. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30690-4. Pagina 6.
Wolcott, Thomas G. 1988. Ecology. In Biology of the Land Crabs, ed. Warren W. Burggren et Brian Robert McMahon, 55–96. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30690-4. Pagina 55.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Birgum latronem spectant.

[IUCN-1] IUCN

[2] Patsy McLaughlin (2009). "Birgus latro (Linnaeus, 1767)". In P. McLaughlin. World Paguroidea database. World Register of Marine Species

[isbn0-313-33922-8-3] R. Piper (2007). Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33922-8 .

[Hartnoll16-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Hartnoll (1988), p. 16

[5] Piotr Naskrecki (2005). The Smaller Majority. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 38. ISBN 0-674-01915-6

[IM0125-6] 6.0 ^6.1 World Wildlife Fund (2001). "Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests (IM0125)". Terrestrial Ecoregions. National Geographic

[Wilde2004-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Joanne E. Wilde, Stuart M. Linton & Peter Greenaway (2004). "Dietary assimilation and the digestive strategy of the omnivorous anomuran land crab Birgus latro (Coenobitidae)". Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 174 (4): 299–308 .

[8] Peter Greenaway (2001). "Sodium and water balance in free-ranging robber crabs, Birgus latro (Anomura: Coenobitidae)". Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (2): 317–327

[9] Peter Greenaway (2003). "Terrestrial adaptations in the Anomura (Crustacea: Decapoda)" (PDF). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 60 (1): 13–26 .

[10] Curt Kessler (2005). "Observation of a coconut crab, Birgus latro (Linnaeus, 1767) predation on a Polynesian rat, Rattus exulans (Peale, 1848)". Crustaceana 78 (6): 761–762 .

[11] Rossella Lorenzi (23 Octobris 2009). "Earhart's Final Resting Place Believed Found". Discovery News .

[12] Thomas H. Streets (1877), "Some account of the natural history of the Fanning group of islands," American Naturalist 11(2):65–72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2448050. doi=10.1086/271824.

[13] Thomas H. Streets (1877), "Some account of the natural history of the Fanning group of islands," American Naturalist 11(2):65–72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2448050. doi=10.1086/271824.

[14] Carolus Linnaeus (1767). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae (12th ed.)

[McLaughlin-15] Patsy A. McLaughlin, Tomoyuki Komai, Rafael Lemaitre & Dwi Listyo Rahayu (2010). Part I – Lithodoidea, Lomisoidea and Paguroidea. In Martyn E. Y. Low et S. H. Tan. "Annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the Kiwaoidea and families Chirostylidae and Galatheidae of the Galatheoidea)" (PDF). Zootaxa Suppl. 23: 5–107 .

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