Rabindranath Tagore

Rabindranath Tagore seu Bengalice রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর Rabindranātha Ṭhākura (Calcuttae die 7 Maii 1861 natus; ibidem mortuus die 7 Augusti 1941), fuit philosophus, pictor, et compositor Indicus. Anno 1913 primus scriptorum Asiae continentis Praemium Nobelianum Litteraturae accepit.

Tagore libris sicut Ghare baire ("Domus et mundus") vel Gitanjali litteras Bengalicas (una cum aliis scriptoribus) et novavit et carminibus, narrationibus, epistulis, commentationibus amplificavit. Artem patriae, cuius structuram strictam et formas classicas aggressus est, ad nova exempla composuit. Duo ex eius carminibus hodie sunt hymni nationales Bangladeshae et Indiae: Amar Shonar Bangla ("Mea Bengalia aurea") et Jan Gana Mana ("Rector animi populi"). Gurudeb appellatus est, quod nomen honorificum se ad guru ('praeceptor') et deva refert.

Vita

Familia, adulescentia

Rabindranath et uxor eius Mrinalini Devi circa annum 1883.

Minimus erat ("Rabi" appellatus) liberorum tredecim superstitum ex Debendranath Tagore et Sarada Devde natorum. Lucem aspexit in palatio familiali Jorasanko Calcuttae. Filius hominis, qui motum religiosum Brahmo Samaj condidit, et nepos Dvarkanath Tagore, Thakur in familia educatus est, quae artibus favit, enixe operam dedit, ut res sociales religiosaeque emendarentur, ordinem societatis per "castas", quae dicuntur, digestum abnuit, positionem feminae Indicae meliorem reddere studuit.

Postquam Tagore undecim annos nato linea brahmanica imposita est, una cum patre Calcuttam die 14 Februarii 1873 reliquit. Plures menses per Indiam iter fecerunt et dominia paterna Santiniketan et Amritsar visitaverunt, antequam Dalhousie in radicibus Himalaiae sitam attigerunt. Ibi Thakur biographias legit, historiae, astronomiae, scientiis hodiernis et linguae Sanscriticae studuit, praeterea se carminibus classicis Kalidasa imbuit. Anno 1877 innotuit, cum plura opera composuisset, inter quae carmen longum stilo Maithili confecto.

Advocatus futurus, ut putabatur, Thakur anno 1878 in instituto privato urbis Bristelmestunae in Anglia sito sedem collocavit. Ius in Collegio Universitario Londiniensi didicit. Tamen anno 1880 in Bengaliam revertit, antequam diploma obtinuit. Die 9 Decembris 1883 Mrinalini Devi (natam Bhabatarini, 1873–1902) in matrimonium duxit, quae ei quinque filios filiasque peperit, quorum duo antequam adoleverant mortui sunt.

Vita in Shilaidaha acta

Domus Thakuris in Shilaidaha

Ab anno 1890 Thakur dominium familiale Shilaidaha (in hodierna Bangladesha) administravit. Uxor cum filiis ibi anno 1898 advenit. Thakur partes suas in societate egit; anno 1894 propraeses Academiae litterarum Bengaliae factus est. "Zamindar Babu" vocatus multum temporis in nave habitabili in flumine Padma (id est Ganges) degebat, vectigalia exegit, rusticis consuluit, qui grati in honorem eius dies festos egerunt. Radices suos in vita rustica naturae vicina invenit. Tamen difficiles paganorum conditiones vitae cognoscens enixe operam dedit, ut argentariae, societates, scholae, nosocomia, et viae pararentur. Sub aspectu litterarum hi anni (a 1891 ad 1895) inter fecundissimos vitae eius numerantur. Tum plus quam dimidiam 84 narrationum partem operis Galpaguchchha intitulati conscripsit, quibus ironia ac animi commotione varios vitae modos imprimis paganorum descripsit. Praeterea multa carmina composuit, quibus sicut in prosa novis verbis ac formis mores antiquos superavit.

Emendationes in formatione iuvenum, motus nationalis: Shantiniketan

Index libri carminum Gitanjali (editio Theodisca anni 1921), pro quo Rabindranath praemio Nobeliano ornatus est.

Quod systema scholare aegre tulerat, quinque liberos suos et a magistris privatis doceri fecit et ipse docuit. Duas filias maiores, quamquam se publice contra matrimonium liberorum, qui nondum adulta aetate erant, opposuit, iam duodecim sive quattuordecim annos natas in matrimonium dedit, in quo postea a multis acriter reprehensus est.

Familia anno 1901 in patrimonium Shantiniketan a Calcutta 150 chiliometra in boreo-occidentem versus situm demigravit, Mense Decembri eiusdem anni ibi scholam condidit, in qua initio filius maior eius et alii quattuor liberi eruditi sunt. Motibus exortis inter alia carmine contra divisionem Bengaliae anno 1905 a Lord Curzon, vicerege Indiae, imperatam intercessit et demonstrationi praeerat. Mox autem se ad studia paedagogica ac litteraria recepit.

Plura funera domestica ei his annis acciderunt: Anno 1902 Mrinalini, quam duodeviginti annos uxorem habuit, mortua est, paucis mensibus post filia Renuka secuta est, quae phthisim nancta est. Filius mininus Samindranath anno 1907 cholera ei raptus est, 1905 pater 87 annorum e vita cessit.

Tamen, quamvis motibus, funeribus, difficultatibus pecuniariis affectus, in Shantiniketan novam scholam creavit, quae a systemate scholari Britannico emancipata rationem hinduisticam nomine Brahmacharya secuta est: Liberi, qui una vivebant cum Guru, plerumque sub divo, intuitu exemplisque didicerunt. Libri scholastici a Rabindranath illo tempore conscripti usque ad hunc diem in Bengalia leguntur.

Itinera ad exteros et praemium Nobelianum

Anno 1912 poeta cum filio Rathindranath iter sedecim mensium in Angliam et in Civitates Foederatas Americae fecit, ut recreationem corporis et inspirationem poeticam adipisceretur. Ante et per iter complura carmina in linguam Anglicam vertit – usque ad id tempus opus eius in Europa paene ignotum erat. Londinii Thakur et filius cum pluribus artificibus et hominibus doctis congressi sunt, inter alios cum Gulielmo Butler Yeats, Ezra Pound, Georgio Bernardo Shavio et Ernesto Rhys. Yeats carmina a Thakur scripta redegit et una cum hospite Gulielmo Rothenstein, pictore, et Arthur Fox Strangways auctor fuit editionis libri carminum nomine Gitanjali apud India Society. Metaphorae Europaeis prorsus ignotae primos lectores valde commoverunt. Alii duo libri carminum anno 1913, partim ab ipso Rabindranath, partim ab operis sociis Bengalicis versi. In Europa a multis "sanctus mysticus Orientis" habebatur, qui in patria nec erat nec esse voluit.^[1]

Mense Octobri 1913 Indiam reversus mense Novembri certior factus est se Praemio Nobeliano litterarum dignum visum esse.

Gloria toto orbe terrarum

Thakur et Einstein, Berolini, 1930.

Mahatma Gandhi cum poeta

A 1914 ad 1921 plus quam viginti libri a Rabindranath scripti lingua Anglica editi sunt; in alias linguas Europaeas non ex lingua Bengalica, sed Anglica versi sunt. Gloria in Asia Europaque crescens Rabindranath incitavit, ut rationes paedagogicas ad institutionem Vishva-Bharati extenderet, qua culturae diversae coniungerentur ac confunderentur. Novem itineribus per Asiam, Europam et Americam susceptis praeconium de cogitationibus orientalibus occidentalibusque coniungendis fecit. Praeterea pecuniam pro schola Shantiniketania collegit. Cum Germaniam visitavit, bis cum Alberto Einstein convenit.

Anno 1915 a Georgio V rege Britanniarum in nobilitatem evectus est, anno 1919 autem honorem renuntiavit, quod copiae Britannicae in Amritsar caedem perpetraverunt.

Mense Iulii 1927 Thakur iter per Asiam austro-orientalem coepit, quo Singapuram, Iavam, Bali et Siam visitavit. Una ex causis erat motus culturalis Iavensis nomine Boedi Oetomo („contentio nobilissima“), quae renascentiae litterarum Bengaliae similis erat. Societati 1908 conditae Thakur exemplo erat in eruditione occidentali cum proprietate gentilicia coniungenda.^[2]

Ultimi anni

Etiam post praemium Nobelianum acceptum plurima opera perfecit, inter quae duas copiosas mythistorias, sed etiam dramata et carmina. 67 annos natus Rabindranath pingere coepit. Imagines tum valde disputabantur, nunc autem praecursor picturae hodiernae in India habetur. Bis gravi morbo correptus (1937 et 1940) die 7 Augusti 1941 demum, sectione mense Iulio ad irritum redacta, Rabindranath in domo nativitatis suae mortuus est. Ad vesperum eiusdem diei multis milibus hominum, qui adfuerunt, lugentibus ad ripam Gangis crematus est.

Bibliographia

Res primariae

Anthologiae

Tagore, R. (1952), Collected Poems and Plays of Rabindranath Tagore, Macmillan Publishing (published Ianuario 1952), ISBN 978-0-02-615920-3
Tagore, R. (1984), Some Songs and Poems from Rabindranath Tagore, East-West Publications, ISBN 978-0-85692-055-4
Tagore, R.; Alam, F. (editor); Chakravarty, R. (editor) (2011), The Essential Tagore, Harvard University Press (published 15 Aprilis 2011), p. 323, ISBN 978-0-674-05790-6
Tagore, R.; Chakravarty, A. (editor) (1961), A Tagore Reader, Beacon Press (published 1 June 1961), ISBN 978-0-8070-5971-5
Tagore, R.; Dutta, K. (editor); Robinson, A. (editor) (1997), Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore, Cambridge University Press (published 28 Iunii 1997), ISBN 978-0-521-59018-1
Tagore, R.; Dutta, K. (editor); Robinson, A. (editor) (1997), Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology, Saint Martin's Press (published November 1997), ISBN 978-0-312-16973-2
Tagore, R.; Ray, M. K. (editor) (2007), The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore, 1, Atlantic Publishing (published 10 June 2007), ISBN 978-81-269-0664-2

Originalia

Tagore, R. (1916), Sadhana: The Realisation of Life, Macmillan (published 1916)
Tagore, R. (1930), The Religion of Man, Macmillan (published 1930)

Libri conversi

Tagore, R.; Mukerjea, D. (translator) (1914), The Post Office, London: Macmillan (published 1914)
Tagore, R.; Pal, P. B. (translator) (2004), "The Parrot's Tale", Parabaas, 1 Decembris 2004
Tagore, R.; Radice, W. (translator) (1995), Rabindranath Tagore: Selected Poems (1st ed.), London: Penguin (published 1 June 1995), ISBN 978-0-14-018366-5
Tagore, R.; Radice, W (translator) (2004), Particles, Jottings, Sparks: The Collected Brief Poems, Angel Books (published 28 Decembris 2004), ISBN 978-0-946162-66-6
Tagore, R.; Stewart, T. K. (translator); Twichell, C. (translator) (2003), Rabindranath Tagore: Lover of God, Lannan Literary Selections, Copper Canyon Press (published 1 November 2003), ISBN 978-1-55659-196-9

Res secundariae

Commentarii

Bhattacharya, S. (2001), Translating Tagore, The Hindu (published 2 September 2001)
Brown, G. T. (1948), "The Hindu Conspiracy: 1914–1917", The Pacific Historical Review (University of California Press) 17 (3): 299–310, August 1948
Cameron, R. (2006), "Exhibition of Bengali Film Posters Opens in Prague", Radio Prague, 31 March 2006
Chakrabarti, I. (2001), "A People's Poet or a Literary Deity?", Parabaas, 15 July 2001
Das, S. (2009), Tagore’s Garden of Eden (published 2 August 2009)
Dasgupta, A. (2001), "Rabindra-Sangeet as a Resource for Indian Classical Bandishes", Parabaas, 15 Iulii 2001
Dyson, K. K. (2001), "Rabindranath Tagore and His World of Colours", Parabaas, 15 Iulii 2001
Frenz, H. (1969), Rabindranath Tagore—Biography, Nobel Foundation (published 1969)
Ghosh, B. (2011), "Inside the World of Tagore's Music", Parabaas, Augusto 2011
Harvey, J. (1999), In Quest of Spirit: Thoughts on Music, University of California Press
Hatcher, B. A. (2001), "Aji Hote Satabarsha Pare: What Tagore Says to Us a Century Later", Parabaas, 15 Iulii 2001
Hjärne, H. (1913), The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913: Rabindranath Tagore—Award Ceremony Speech, Nobel Foundation (published 10 December 1913)
Jha, N. (1994), "Rabindranath Tagore", PROSPECTS: The Quarterly Review of Education (Paris: UNESCO: International Bureau of Education) 24 (3/4): 603–19, 1994
Kämpchen, Martin. 1992. Rabindranath Tagore. Rororo-Monographie. Hamburgi: Rowohlt.
Kämpchen, M. (2003), "Rabindranath Tagore in Germany", Parabaas, 25 Iulii 2003
Kinzer, S. (2006), "Bülent Ecevit, Who Turned Turkey Toward the West, Dies", The New York Times, 5 November 2006
Kundu, K. (2009), "Mussolini and Tagore", Parabaas, 7 May 2009
Mehta, S. (1999), The First Asian Nobel Laureate, Time (published 23 Augusti 1999)
Meyer, L. (2004), "Tagore in The Netherlands", Parabaas, 15 July 2004
Mukherjee, M. (2004), "Yogayog ("Nexus") by Rabindranath Tagore: A Book Review", Parabaas, 25 Martii 2004
O'Connell, K. M. (2008), "Red Oleanders (Raktakarabi) by Rabindranath Tagore—A New Translation and Adaptation: Two Reviews", Parabaas, December 2008
Pandey, J. M. (2011), Original Rabindranath Tagore Scripts in Print Soon, Times of India (published 8 Augusti 2011)
Radice, W. (2003), "Tagore's Poetic Greatness", Parabaas, 7 Maii 2003
Robinson, A., "Rabindranath Tagore", Encyclopædia Britannica
Sen, A. (1997), "Tagore and His India", The New York Review of Books, 1997
Sil, N. P. (2005), "Devotio Humana: Rabindranath's Love Poems Revisited", Parabaas, 15 February 2005

Libri

Ayyub, A. S. (1980), Tagore's Quest, Papyrus (published 1980)
Chakraborty, S. K.; Bhattacharya, P. (2001), Leadership and Power: Ethical Explorations, Oxford University Press (published 16 Augusti 2001), ISBN 978-0-19-565591-9
Dasgupta, T. (1993), Social Thought of Rabindranath Tagore: A Historical Analysis, Abhinav Publications (published 1 Octobris 1993), ISBN 978-81-7017-302-1
Datta, P. K. (2002), Rabindranath Tagore's The Home and the World: A Critical Companion (1st ed.), Permanent Black (published 1 Decembris 2002), ISBN 978-81-7824-046-6
Dutta, K.; Robinson, A. (1995), Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad-Minded Man, Saint Martin's Press (published December 1995), ISBN 978-0-312-14030-4
Farrell, G. (2000), Indian Music and the West, Clarendon Paperbacks Series (3 ed.), Oxford University Press (published 9 March 2000), ISBN 978-0-19-816717-4
Hogan, P. C. (2000), Colonialism and Cultural Identity: Crises of Tradition in the Anglophone Literatures of India, Africa, and the Caribbean, State University of New York Press (published 27 January 2000), ISBN 978-0-7914-4460-3
Hogan, P. C.; Pandit, L. (2003), Rabindranath Tagore: Universality and Tradition, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press (published May 2003), ISBN 978-0-8386-3980-1
Kripalani, K. (2005), Dwarkanath Tagore: A Forgotten Pioneer—A Life, National Book Trust of India (published 2005), ISBN 978-81-237-3488-0
Kripalani, K. (2005), Tagore—A Life, National Book Trust of India (published 2005), ISBN 978-81-237-1959-7
Lago, M. (1977), Rabindranath Tagore, Boston: Twayne Publishers (published April 1977), ISBN 978-0-8057-6242-6
Lifton, B. J.; Wiesel, E. (1997), The King of Children: The Life and Death of Janusz Korczak, St. Martin's Griffin (published 15 April 1997), ISBN 978-0-312-15560-5
Prasad, A. N.; Sarkar, B. (2008), Critical Response To Indian Poetry In English, Sarup and Sons (published 2008), ISBN 978-81-7625-825-8
Ray, M. K. (2007), Studies on Rabindranath Tagore, 1, Atlantic (published 1 October 2007), ISBN 978-81-269-0308-5
Roy, B. K. (1977), Rabindranath Tagore: The Man and His Poetry, Folcroft Library Editions (published 1977), ISBN 978-0-8414-7330-0
Scott, J. (2009), Bengali Flower: 50 Selected Poems from India and Bangladesh (published 4 Iulii 2009), ISBN 978-1-4486-3931-1
Sen, A. (2006), The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture, and Identity (1st ed.), Picador (published 5 September 2006), ISBN 978-0-312-42602-6
Sigi, R. (2006), Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore—A Biography, Diamond Books (published 1 October 2006), ISBN 978-81-89182-90-8
Som, R. (2010), Rabindranath Tagore: The Singer and His Song, Viking (published 26 May 2010), ISBN 978-0-670-08248-3
Thompson, E. (1926), Rabindranath Tagore: Poet and Dramatist, Pierides Press (published 1926), ISBN 978-1-4067-8927-0
Urban, H. B. (2001), Songs of Ecstasy: Tantric and Devotional Songs from Colonial Bengal, Oxford University Press (published 22 November 2001), ISBN 978-0-19-513901-3
Daruwalla, K. N. (2007), Poetry Magic, Ratna Sagar P.Ltd. (published 2006), ISBN 81-8332-175-5

Photographemata

Photo of Tagore in Shiraz, 29.616445; 52.542114: Flickr, 2006 (published 16 March 2006)

Pelliculae

Harding, M. (2008), Where the Hell is Matt?, YouTube (published 20 Iunii 2008)

Alia

"68th Death Anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore", The Daily Star (Dhaka), 2009, 7 Augusti 2009
Archeologists Track Down Tagore’s Ancestral Home in Khulna, The News Today, 2011 (published 28 Aprilis 2011)
"History of the Tagore Festival", Tagore Festival Committee (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: College of Business)
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913, The Nobel Foundation
"Recitation of Tagore's Poetry of Death", Hindustan Times (Indo-Asian News Service), 2005, 2005
Tagore and Einstein—A Conversation, South Asian Women's Forum, 2001 (published 19 Martii 2001)

Notae

↑ Martin Kämpchen, Rabindranath Tagore rororo-Monographie, Hamburgi 1992, p. 77s.
↑ A. Das Gupta: Rabindranath Tagore in Indonesia. An experiment in bridge-building. In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 158/2, Lugduni Batavorum 2003, p. 451–477.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Rabindranath Tagore spectant.

De Rabindranath Thakur in pagina Nobeliano Litteraturae Praemio dicata

[1] Martin Kämpchen, Rabindranath Tagore rororo-Monographie, Hamburgi 1992, p. 77s.

[2] A. Das Gupta: Rabindranath Tagore in Indonesia. An experiment in bridge-building. In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 158/2, Lugduni Batavorum 2003, p. 451–477.

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