SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2[1] aut 2019-nCoV, anni 2019 coronavirus novum sive coronarium virus novum sive coronarium virus syndromatis respiratorii acuti gravis 2 est virus biologicum, unum ex duobus sarbecoviris generis Betacoronavirorum,[2] materia genetica ARN munitum atque monocatenarium sensu positivo ((+)ssRNA), ex fere 29 900 nucleotidis (29.9 kB) compositum.
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Subordo : Cornidovirineae
Familia : Coronaviridae
Subfamilia : Orthocoronavirinae
Genus : Betacoronavirus
Subgenus : Sarbecovirus
Species : SARS-CoV-2
Variantes typi SARS-CoV-2 geneticae descriptae sunt.
Virus anno 2019 Wuhan in urbe Sinica, climate subtropico humido, primo agnotum est[3]; ibi multi homines pneumonia laborantes observati sunt. Putatur novum coronavirus 2019-nCoV, ut SARS-CoV originis zoonoticae esse[4]. Qua de causa morbus respiratorius designatur zoonosis nomine COVID-19 (morbus coronaviri anno 2019 agnotum, interdum vulgo pneumonia Wuhaniensis).
Morbus hic, ex Sinis egressus, tribus mensibus (mensibus Decembri anni 2019 et Ianuario Februarioque anni 2020) se in multas orbis terrarum civitates propagabat.
Natura coronaviri SARS-CoV-2
recensereAspectus
recensereViro capsida est, ut omnibus coronaviris, sub microscopio electronico formae coronae, de qua virus nomen suum emanavit.
Diameter circiter 50–200 nm (cf. Influenza A virus: 80-120 nm) metitur.
Intra virus invenitur genoma ex ARN compositum, quod cinctum est globuliformi capsida; illae sunt duo genera proteinorum, E et M. Superficie eius permultae spinae locatae sunt. Licet, ut non solum virus SARS-CoV[5], sed etiam SARS-CoV-2 spinis his[6] enzymum angiotensinum convertens 2 attingeret.
Taxinomia
recensereIn virologia, ut influenza A virus, phylo negarnaviricotorum attributum est. Quamquam adhuc novum hoc coronavirus in taxinomia ICTV officiali (2018b) non inclusum est, tamen putatur se sarbecoviris attribuendum esse sub Betacoronaviris in ordine Nidoviralium. SARS-CoV-2 est virus biologicum cum ARN substantia genetica.
Virus monocatenarium et sensu positivo
recensereCoronovirus Wuhaniense est virus ARN monocatenarium sensu positivo, quod significat:
- Materia genetica eius ex acido ribonucleico (ARN) constat,
- catenam simplicem (Anglice: single-stranded, ss), non duplicem format,
- intra cellulam alienam directe (sensu positivo (+), (5'-ad-3') transferri potest.
Genoma
recensereGenoma viri SARS-CoV-2 illo viri SARS-CoV valde simile videtur: circiter 79% codicis genetici sunt eiusdem ordinis[7]. Similitudo genomati unius vespertilionis betacoronavirorum etiam 96.3% aestimata est[8][9]. Pro eo quidam originem pandemiae 2020 ex vespertilionibus esse putant. Videntur mutationes geneticae betacoronaviri vespertilionis (at non SARS-CoV) ad glycoproteinum spinas externas formantes velut ad proteinum capsidae spectare[10].
Structura principalis virorum SARS et SARS-CoV-2
recensereGenomati virorum SARS partes insunt[11] diversae regiones ORF (Anglice: open reading frames, margines lectoriae apertae); velut proteina structurae, vocitantur S, E, M, N; in SARS-CoV-2:
M. L. A. | Litt. | Productum | Genum | Numerus aminoacidorum |
Notae | Fons |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ORF1a | 4 405 | 16 proteinorum non structuralium |
Uniprot[12] | |||
ORF1b | Uniprot[13] | |||||
ORF2 | S | Spinae / protuberantiae |
1 282 | proteinum structurale spinarum |
||
ORF3a | proteina accessoria | 275 | ||||
ORF3b | proteinum novum | [14] | ||||
ORF4 | E | proteinum E | 75 | proteinum structurale capsidae |
||
ORF5 | M | proteinum M | 222 | proteinum structurale | ||
ORF6 | proteina accessoria | 61 | ||||
ORF7a | 121 | |||||
ORF7b | ||||||
ORF8 | 121 | |||||
ORF9a | N | Nucleocapsidum | proteinum structurale nucleocapsidi |
|||
ORF9b | 419 | |||||
ORF10* | ||||||
Summa | 9 860 | 29 891 nucleotida |
Genum haemagglutinini esterasis, ut in alphacoronaviris (αCoV), in SARS-CoV-2 abest.
ORF1a/ORF1b
recenserePartibus ORF1a et ORF1b genomatis informatio proteinorum 16 non structuralium (pns 1-16) insunt ut:
- pns3 = PSpro (papaino similis proteasis, PLpro)
- psn5 = 3CSpro (picornaino 3C similis proteasis, 3CLpro)
- psn12 = RdRp (ARN dependens ARN polymerasis)
- psn13 = Hel/MTasis (helicasis)
- psn14 = ExoN/N7-MTasis (exoribonucleasis)
- psn15 = NendoU (Nidovirorum endoribonucleasis Uridylati)
- psn16 = 2'-O-MTasis
Varietates geneticae
recensereSARS CoV 2 varietates frequenter evolvunt. Adhuc variantes geneticae proteini S se evolvebant.
Varietates proteini S
recensereAdhuc plus quam 4000 mutationes geneticae notae sunt. Per exemplum:
- Varietas D614G proteini S G614 (origine D614) contagionis probabilitatem auget[15].
- Varietas alpha: Varietas N501Y (Varietas curae laborantis 202012 et 01 sive 20B/501Y.V1 sive B.1.1.7), primum in Cantio, Britanniarum regni cognoscitur.
- Varietas 501Y.V2 eiusdem mutationis geneticae N501Y in Africae Australis inventa est.
- Varietas delta: B.1.617.2
- Varietas omicron: B.1.1.529 cum evasione antigenica maiore currente
Effectus in organisma in gradu moleculari habitus
recensereReceptorium virorum et SARS-CoV et SARS-CoV-2 videtur enzymum angiotensinum convertens 2[16], quod in variis organis locatum est, imprimis in cellulis alveolaribus pulmonum velut enterocytis intestini tenuis[17], paulo minus in aliis partibus organismi, ut in tractu gastrointestinali, renibus, cute.
Vitae tempus extra organismum
recensereUniformis informatio temporis vitae novi coronaviri potuit elaborari, valores scilicet adhuc divulgati ab horis paucis ad dies multos variant, sane de variis generis superficierum pendentes:
- Vira in liquoribus ad 3 horas, in cuprum ad 4 horas, chartonem ad 24 horas, in materiam plasticam et in aciarium inoxidabilem usque ad septuaginta duo (imprimis tredecim plasticae, sedecim aciarii) horas consistere videntur[18].
Morbi cum viro coniuncti
recensereIn natura viri SARS-CoV in vespertilionibus versantur; cetera vero coronavirorum etiam in avibus[19]. Virus SARS-CoV-2 est unum ex septem coronaviris (OC43, HKU1, NL63, 229E, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV), quod homines afficere potest[20]. Anno 2020 permultae contagiones causa fuerunt pandemiae, cuius morbi nomen COVID-19 iussum est.
Habitationes naturales
recensereNondum in homines morbo propagato, hoc virus in vespertilionibus versabatur.
Iam anno 2015 in vespertilionibus diversa quinque genomata virorum SARS investigabantur. Hodie coniunctio inter vira SARS vespertilionum et homines putatur: post mutationes minores et glycoproteini S spinarum et capsidae viri in homines diffuderunt[21].
Vespertiliones et transmissio virorum
recensereVespertiliones chiropteris attribuuntur. Post rodentia chiropteris sunt genera plus quam mille, secunda omnium mammalium. Animalia haec in transmissione plus quam sexaginta virorum vincta sunt. Suspicatur inter chiroptera quibusdam speciebus facultatem esse certa vira disseminandi vel transmittendi - ut quaedam ex coronaviridis, rhabdoviridis, paramyxoviridis, ebolaviris[22].
COVID-19
recenserePeriodus incubationis
recensereTempus inter contagionem et symptomata prima plerumque dies quinque (2-14), rarius ad viginti quattuor dies[23] complectitur.
Symptomata
recenserePrimum febris, myalgiae (dolores musculorum), et tussis sicca oriuntur, communiter cum generali corporis fatigatione vel lassitudine, ex quo pneumonia inflammatio pulmonum vel partium illorum observari potest.
Historia et
recensereIam mense Decembris anni 2019 in China quidam homines pneumonias contraxerunt. Suspicatae origines sunt nundinae conchyliorum urbe Wuhan[20]. Tempore brevi contagiones viro toto in orbe terrarum porrexerunt, proinde die 11 Martii 2020 Ordo mundi sanitarius COVID-19 pandemiam declaravit.
Notae
recensere- ↑ Gorbalenya A. E. (2020). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus – The species and its viruses, a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group". bioRxiv: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862
- ↑ Historia taxonomiarum,
- ↑ Hui D. S., I Azhar E., Madani T. A., Ntoumi F., Kock R., Dar O., Ippolito G., Mchugh T. D., Memish Z. A., Drosten C., Zumla A., Petersen E. (Ian 2020). "The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China". International journal of infectious diseases 91: 264-6
- ↑ Wu J. T., Leung K., Leung G. M. (Ian 2020). "Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study". Lancet: S0140-6736(20)30260-9
- ↑ Li W., Moore M. J., Vasilieva N., Sui J., Wong S. K., Berne M. A., Somasundaran M., Sullivan J. L., Luzuriaga K., Greenough T. C., Choe H., Farzan M. (Nov 2003). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus". Nature 426 (6965): 450-4
- ↑ Xu X., Chen P., Wang J., Feng J., Zhou H., Li X., Zhong W., Hao P. (Mar 2020). "Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission". Science China. Life sciences. 63 (3): 457-60
- ↑ Lu R., Zhao X., Li J., Niu P., Yang B., Wu H., Wang W., Song H., Huang B., Zhu N., et al. (Feb 2020). "Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding". Lancet 395 (10224): 565-74
- ↑ Paraskevis D., Kostaki E. G., Magiorkinis G., Panayiotakopoulos G., Sourvinos G., Tsiodras S. (Apr 2020). "Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event". Infection, genetics and evolution: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104212
- ↑ Zhou P., Yang X. L., Wang X. G., Hu B., Zhang L., Zhang W., Si H. R., Zhu Y., Li B., et al. (Mar 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature 579 (7798): 270-3
- ↑ Benvenuto D., Giovanetti M., Ciccozzi A., Spoto S., Angeletti S., Ciccozzi M. (Apr 2020). "The 2019-new coronavirus epidemic: Evidence for virus evolution". Journal of medical virology 92 (4): 455-9
- ↑ Qin E., Zhu Q., Yu M., Fan B., Chang G., Si B., Yang B., Peng W., Jiang T., et al. (2003). "A complete sequence and comparative analysis of a SARS-associated virus (Isolate BJ01)". Chinese science bulletin 48 (10): 941-8
- ↑ Uniporot de A7J8L3
- ↑ Uniprot de A0A1S6L957
- ↑ Chan J. F., Kok K. H., Zhu Z., Chu H., To K. K., Yuan S., Yuen K. Y. (Ian 2020). "Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan". Emerging microbes & infections 9 (1): 221-36
- ↑ Korber B., Fischer W. M., et al. (Aug 2020). "Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus". Cell 182 (4)
- ↑ Cao Y., Li L., Feng Z., Wan S., Huang P., Sun X., Wen F., Huang X., Ning G., Wang W. (Feb 2020). "Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations". Cell Discov. 11: 10.1038/s41421-020-0147-1
- ↑ Hamming I., Timens W., Bulthuis M. L., Lely A. T., Navis G., van Goor H. (Iun 2004). "Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis". Journal of pathology 203 (2): 631-7
- ↑ van Doremalen N., Bushmaker T., et al. (2020 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033217v1.full.pdf).+Aerosol and surface stability of HCoV-19 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to SARS-CoV-1
- ↑ Chan J. F., To K. K., Tse H., Jin D. Y., Yuen K. Y. (Oct 2013). "Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds". Trends in microbiology 21 (10): 544-55
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Zhu N., Zhang D., Wang W., Li X., Yang B., Song J., Zhao X., Huang B., Shi W., et al. (Feb 2020). "A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019". New England Journal of Medicine 382 (8): 727-33
- ↑ Benvenuto D., Giovanetti M., Ciccozzi A., Spoto S., Angeletti S., Ciccozzi M. (Apr 2020). "The 2019-new coronavirus epidemic: Evidence for virus evolution". Journal of medical virology 92 (4): 455-9
- ↑ Rodhain F. (Oct 2015). "(Bats and Viruses: complex relationships)". Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique 108 (4): 272-89 (Francogallice)
- ↑ Bai Y., Yao L., Wei T., Tian F., Jin D. Y., Chen L., Wang M. (Feb 2020). "Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19". JAMA: 10.1001/jama.2020.2565
Nexus interni
Nexus externi
recensereVicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad SARS-CoV-2 spectant. |
Vide "SARS-CoV-2" apud Vicispecies. |
Situs scientifici: • NCBI • Encyclopedia of Life |
- Ordo mundi sanitarius de coronaviro novo, 2019-nCoV. (Anglice)
- gisaid.org Missionis GISAID situs interretialis (Anglice)