Gulielmus Bradford

Gulielmus Bradford (circa 19 Martii 1590—9 Maii 1657^[2]^[3]) fuit Anglicus Separatistarum Lugduni Hollandiae et in Colonia Plimmuta habitantium dux. Foedus Mayfloweranum subscripsit, et munus gubernatoris coloniae quinquies circa triginita annos inter 1621 et 1657 sustinuit. Sua manuscriptum Of Plimmoth Plantation, quod tempora ab anno 1620 ad annum 1657 in Colonia Plimmuta tractat, est instrumentum historicum magni momenti.^[4]

Vita

Locus ortus Gulielmi Bradford: The Manor House, Austerfield Eboraci Meridiani.

Gulielmus Bradford natus est in vico Austerfield Eboraci Angliae die ignoto, patre Gulielmo, matre Alicia Bradford. Baptizatus est probabiliter infans recens natus die 19 Martii 1589/1590.^[3]^[5] Cum plurimis agricolis essent angustae res domesticae,^[6] familia Bradfordiana, magnum fundum possidens, dives et potens habebatur.^[7]

Gulielmo iam puero, cognationes maximi momenti mortuae sunt. Eo unum annum nato, pater obiit. Eo quattuor annos nato, mater iterum nupsit, et Gulielmus ut cum avo habitaret missus est.^[8] Post duos annos, avus obiit, et Gulielmus rediit ut cum matre et vitrico habitaret. Unum annum post, anno 1597, mater mortua est. Gulielmus, sic anno septem aetatis suae parentibus orbatus, facere non potest quin cum duobus avunculis habitare,^[9] qui maluerunt eum iuvenem in fundo laborare. Bradford autem multo post in ephemeride scripsit se eo tempore "aegrotatione longa" passum esse, unde laborare non potebat; quin potius, legere maluit, et ad Biblia Sacra et classicas litterarum opera adsuevit. Quod a nonnullis videtur causa magni momenti in eius noscendi studio et religionis Separatistarum exspectatione.^[10] Textor fuit.

Opera litteraria

Despectus in urbem Lugdunum Batavorum Templum Hooglandse vehementius dicit.

Foedus Mayfloweranum consignatum, pictura ab Ioanne Leone Hieronymo Ferris anno 1899 picta.

Pagina titularis ephemeridis Bradfordianae.

Notissimum Gulielmi Bradford opus est Of Plimmoth Plantation ('De Plimmuta deducta'), manuscriptum historica Coloniae Plimmutensis conditae vitarumque colonorum ab 1621 ad 1646 singula continens.^[11] Manuscriptum in duobus libris consistit, quorum primus anno 1630 compositus, alter numquam confectus est, sed inter 1646 et 1650 narrationem usque ad annum 1646 reportavit.^[12] Apud Gualterium P. Wenska legimus: "Bradford plurimum sui historiae ex nostalgia, multo post deminutio ardoris et obligationis Peregrinatorum apparuerunt. Ambo annales primi, qui confidentiam missioni Peregrinatorum exprimunt, et annales posteriores, quorum nonnulli consternationem et spem amissam, eodem fere tempore scripti sunt."^[13]^[11] In manuscripto, Bradford parallelos profundos inter vitam quotidianam eventusque in Bibliis Sacris relatos adumbravit. Secundum Philippum Gould: "Bradford sperabat ut ad docendas aetates futuras opus providentiae divinae demonstraret."^[14]^[12]

Omne opus, anno 1656, uno anno ante mortem, primum prolatum, aequalibus gratum est. Carolus F. Richardson "praecursorem litterarum" et "narratorem magnarum virium" anno 1888 appellavit; Moses Coit Tyler eum "patrem historiae Americanae" aestimavit.^[15] Multi auctores Americani manuscriptum in eorum operibus citaverunt; exempli gratia, Cottonus Matherus eum in Magnalia Christi Americana, et Thomas Prince in A Chronological History of New-England in the Form of Annals multo citavit. Hodie iam habetur pretiosum littarerum Americanarum opus in anthologiis quas in cursibus academicis litterarum et historiae legitur comprehensum. Rem classicam Americanam et praestantem opus artis in Nova Anglia saeculo septimo decimo appellatum est.^[15] Manuscriptum autem ante 1780 evanuerat,^[16] "subductum ut videtur a milite Britannico per Bostoniam occupatam" et in Fulham Angliae rursus apparuit.^[12] Apud Gould legitur: "Eruditi anno 1855, a mentionibus animadvertentes de Bradford in duobus libris de historia Ecclesiae Episcopalis in America scriptis (ambobus in Anglia sitis), manuscriptum in bibliotheca episcopi Londinii in Palatio Lambeth" invenerunt.^[17]^[12] Disceptatio praelonga de legitima manuscripti domu facta est. Senator Georgius Frisbie Hoar et aliis identidem frustra conati sunt facere ut id redderetur. Secundum historicum Franciscum B. Dedmond, post plus quam centum annos Fulhamiae et multa decennia cum Americani manuscriptum liberatum conficere conabantur, id Massachusettae die 26 Maii 1897 restitutum est.^[18]

Gulielmus Bradford die 9 Maii 1657 obiit et in Colle Sepulturarum Plimmutae sepultus est, ubi magnum monumentum saxosum eius memoriae dicatum consistit.

Notae

↑ Abrams, 150.
↑ Schmidt 1999: 6.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Caleb H. Johnson, The Mayflower and Her Passengers (Indiana: Xlibris Corp., 2006), 79.
↑ William DeLoss Love, The fast and thanksgiving days of New England (Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1895).
↑ Schmidt 1999:6.
↑ Schmidt 1999:17.
↑ Schmidt 1999:4.
↑ Schmidt 1999:6.
↑ Schmidt 1999:6.
↑ Schmidt 1999:7.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Wenska, 152
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 Gould, 349
↑ Anglice: "Bradford writes most of his history out of his nostalgia, long after the decline of Pilgrim fervor and commitment had become apparent. Both the early annals which express his confidence in the Pilgrim mission and the later annals, some of which reveal his dismay and disappointment, were written at about the same time."
↑ Anglice: "Bradford hoped to demonstrate the workings of divine providence for the edification of future generations."
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Wenska, 151.
↑ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1952). Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647. Knopf. ISBN 978-0394438955 .
↑ Anglice: "In 1855, scholars intrigued by references to Bradford in two books on the history of the Episcopal Church in America (both located in England) located the manuscript in the bishop of London's library at Lambeth Palace."
↑ Francis B. Dedmond (1985), "A Forgotten Attempt to Rescue the Bradford Manuscript," The New England Quarterly 58(2):242–252; ISSN 0028-4866.

Bibliographia

Abrams, Ann Uhry. 1999. The Pilgrims and Pocahontas: Rival Myths of American Origin.^{[nexus deficit]} Boulder Colorati: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3497-7.
Doherty, Kieran. 1999. William Bradford: Rock of Plymouth. Brookfield Connecticutae: Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-585-21305-4.
Goodwin, John A. 1879, 1920. The Pilgrim Republic: An Historical Review of the Colony of New Plymouth. Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin Co. OCLC 316126717.
Gould, Philip. 2009. 'William Bradford 1590-1657. In The Heath Anthology of American Literature: Beginnings to 1800, ed. Paul Lauter, vol. A:348–350. Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-89799-2.
Haxtun, Annie Al. 1899. Signers of the Mayflower Compact. Baltimorae: The Mail and Express. OCLC 2812063.
Philbrick, Nathaniel. 2006. Mayflower: A Story of Community, Courage, and War. Novi Eboraci: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-311197-9.
Sargent, Mark L. 1992. William Bradford's "Dialogue" with History. The New England Quarterly 65(3):389–421. ISSN 0028-4866.
Schmidt, Gary D. 1999. William Bradford: Plymouth's Faithful Pilgrim. Grand Rapids Michiganiae: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-8028-5148-2. Google Books.
Stratton, Eugene A. 1986. Plymouth Colony: Its History & People, 1620–1691. Salt Lake City: Ancestry Incorporated. ISBN 0-916489-13-2.
Wenska, Walter P. 1978. Bradford's Two Histories: Pattern and Paradigm in "Of Plymouth Plantation." Early American Literature 13(2):151–164. ISSN 0012-8163.

Nexus interni

Saxum Plimmutense

Nexus externi

Vicicitatio habet citationes quae ad Gulielmum Bradford spectant.

Opera auctore "William Bradford" apud gutenberg.org reperta
Historia Bradfordiana, www.pilgrimhall.org
Textus "Of Plymouth Plantation," books.google.com
Gulielmus Bradford, www.americanwriters.org (C-SPAN: American Writers: A Journey Through History)

[1] Abrams, 150.

[2] Schmidt 1999: 6.

[Johnson_p._79-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Caleb H. Johnson, The Mayflower and Her Passengers (Indiana: Xlibris Corp., 2006), 79.

[Love-4] William DeLoss Love, The fast and thanksgiving days of New England (Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1895).

[5] Schmidt 1999:6.

[6] Schmidt 1999:17.

[7] Schmidt 1999:4.

[8] Schmidt 1999:6.

[9] Schmidt 1999:6.

[10] Schmidt 1999:7.

[Wenska152-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Wenska, 152

[Gould349-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 Gould, 349

[13] Anglice: "Bradford writes most of his history out of his nostalgia, long after the decline of Pilgrim fervor and commitment had become apparent. Both the early annals which express his confidence in the Pilgrim mission and the later annals, some of which reveal his dismay and disappointment, were written at about the same time."

[14] Anglice: "Bradford hoped to demonstrate the workings of divine providence for the edification of future generations."

[Wenska151-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Wenska, 151.

[Introduction,_Of_Plymouth_Plantation-16] Morison, Samuel Eliot (1952). Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647. Knopf. ISBN 978-0394438955 .

[17] Anglice: "In 1855, scholars intrigued by references to Bradford in two books on the history of the Episcopal Church in America (both located in England) located the manuscript in the bishop of London's library at Lambeth Palace."

[18] Francis B. Dedmond (1985), "A Forgotten Attempt to Rescue the Bradford Manuscript," The New England Quarterly 58(2):242–252; ISSN 0028-4866.

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