Samanismus[1][2] (e vocabulo Evenkensi šamán)[3] est mos quo exercitator mutatos conscientiae status attingit ad mundum spiritualem percipiendum ut eius energias transcendentales in hunc mundum afferat atque cum eis communicet.[4]

Samanus Buriatus in Olchone insula Siberiae.
Prima depictio samani Sibirici, a Nicolao Witsen exploratore Nederlandico adumbrata, qui narrationem suarum peregrinationum inter homines Samoiedicos et Tungusicos anno 1692 scripsit. Ipse, hanc imaginem Presbyter Diaboli appellans, homini ungues pro pedibus dedit, ut eius proprietates daemonicae melius significarentur.[5]

De Samanis

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Samanus[6] vicissim est homo qui in mundum spirituum benevolentium et malevolentium penetrare posse habetur, qui usitate in statum stuporis per ritus intrat, cum divinationem sanationemque efficit.[7] Vocabulum saman originem trahat in lingua Evenkensi, una e linguis Tungusicis Asiae Septentrionalis. Secundum Juha Janhunen ethnolinguistam, "investigatores vocabulum in omnibus sermonibus Tungusicis attestantur,[8] sicut Negidalica, Evenensis, Udegeica, Orotchensis, Nanaica, Orokica, Mandshurica, et Ulchica, et "nihil sumptionem contradicere videtur significationem samanum etiam e Proto-Tungusica derivasse,"[9] et originem fortasse trahat abhinc millenniorum saltem duo.[10] Vocabulum ad culturam Occidentalem introductum est postquam Russi populos Siberiae cognoverunt saeculo ΧVII.

 
Chartula cursualis Russica in photographemate anno 1908 ab S. I. Borisov condito samanam ethnicitatis sane Chakassum depingit.[11][12]

De doctrina

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Vocabulum shamanismus primum ab anthropologis Occidentalibus adhibebatur qui antiquam Turcorum Mongolorumque religiones observabant, praeter religiones hominum vicinorum qui Tungusice et Samoiedice loquebantur. Nonnulli anthropologi Occidentales, varietatem traditionum religiosarum observantes, vocabulum sensu latissimo adhibere coeperunt, ad usus magico-religiosos non cognatos describendos intra religiones ethnicas aliarum regionum Asiae, Africae, Australasiae repertos, et adeo ignotarum Americae regionum, quia hos usus inter se similes esse credebant.[13]

 
Samanus Insularum Moluccanarum Australium spiritus malos qui pueros occupant exorcizat. Buru Indonesiae, 1920.
 
Echinopsis pachanoi florens, cactus entheogenica quae plus quam 3000 annorum in samanismo adhibetur.[14] Hodie, longe plurimum mescalini e cactis columnaribus extrahitur, non e Lophophora williamsii, quae vulnerabilis est.[15];
 
Crepitaculum corvidum, saeculo undevicensimo. Museum Brooklynense.
 
Samanus-sacerdos Goldes ethnous in eius vestimentis sacris.
 
Samanus Samianus et eius tympanum.
 
Bobohizan Bornei Septentrionalis, circa 1921.
 
Sacrificium ursinum Ainuense. Pictura in volumine Iaponicum, circa 1870.
 
Samanus Oroqensis Sinarum septentrionalium.
 
Tympanum samanicum Samiense in Museum Scientiae Arcticum, Rovaniemi in oppido Finniae.
 
Sacerdos Mayanus ritus curationis ad Tikal facit.
 
Samanus e cultura shuara in silva Amazonica Aequatoriae, Iunio 2006.
 
Samanus Urarina, 1988.

Mircea Eliade scribit "Prima huius rei multiplicis definitio, et fortasse minime periculosa, erit: shamanismus est 'ars ecstasis religiosae.'"[16][17] Samanismus propositum amplectitur quod dicit samanos esse nuntios vel internuntios inter mundum hominum et mundum spirituum; etenim ei dicuntur morbos per animam emendatam tractare. Levare traumata quae animum vel spiritum affligunt physicum singuli corpus recurat. Samanus praeterea regna supernaturalia vel planities esotericas intrat ac quaestiones solvendas quae communitatem affligunt. Samani alios mundos vel dimensiones visere possunt ad animas dementes ducendas et ad morbos animae humanae a rebus alienis affectos melius faciendos. Operatur samanus plerumque intra mundum spiritualem, qui vicissim mundum humanum afficit. Aequilibrium restituere malum amovit.[17]

Nexus interni

  1. Haec appellatio a Vicipaediano e lingua indigena in sermonem Latinum conversa est. Extra Vicipaediam huius locutionis testificatio vix inveniri potest.
  2. Post vocabulum Neograecum σαμανισμός; cf. nomen Latinum "Samanus" infra datum
  3. Janhunan 1986: 194:97.
  4. Hoppál 1987: 76.
  5. Hutton 2001: 32.
  6. Cf.: Mystae eorum nuncupantur Samani et plerque sunt fatidici (Georgii Crisanii Historia de Siberia, Moscuae 1890, p. 124). Vel hunc locum: ...putat hunc locum templum gentis cuiusdam a samanis ductae fuisse (Iconoclastes, "Templum samanisticum in Polonia repertum," Ephemeris, 2 Septembris 2017).
  7. "OxfordDictionaries - Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar" 
  8. Anglice: "the word is attested in all of the Tungusic idioms."
  9. Anglice: "nothing seems to contradict the assumption that the meaning 'shaman' also derives from Proto-Tungusic."
  10. Janhunen 1986: 97–98.
  11. Hoppál 2005: 77, 287.
  12. Znamensky 2005: 128.
  13. Alberts 2015: 73–79.
  14. "A Brief History of the San Pedro Cactus" .
  15. "Lophophorawilliamsii" .
  16. Anglice: "A first definition of this complex phenomenon, and perhaps the least hazardous, will be: shamanism = 'technique of religious ecstasy.'"
  17. 17.0 17.1 Eliade 1972: 3–7.

Bibliographia

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  • Diószegi, Vilmos. 1962. Samanizmus. Élet és Tudomány Kiskönyvtár. Budapestini: Gondolat.
  • Diószegi, Vilmos. 1958, 1998. A sámánhit emlékei a magyar népi műveltségben. Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9630575426.
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Bibliographia addita

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  • Campbell, Joseph. 1959, 1976. The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology. Novi Eboraci et Londinii: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140194436.
  • Harner, Michael. 1980. The Way of the Shaman: A Guide to Power and Healing. Harper & Row Publishers.
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  • Fikes, Jay Courtney. 1993. Carlos Castaneda: Academic Opportunism and the Psychedelic Sixties. Millennia Press Canada. ISBN 0969696000.
  • Hultkrantz, Åke, ed. honoris causa. [2][nexus deficit]. Journal of the International Society for Shamanistic Research.
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  • Kehoe, Alice. 2000. Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking. Londinii: Waveland Press. ISBN 1577661621.
  • Manners, David Charles. 2011. In the Shadow of Crows. Oxoniae: Signal Books. ISBN 1904955924.
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  • Weber, Michel. 2015. Shamanism and proto-consciousness. In Deus Unicus, ed. René Lebrun, Julien De Vos, et É. Van Quickelberghe. Actes du colloque «Aux origines du monothéisme et du scepticisme religieux» organisé à Louvain-la-Neuve les 7 et 8 juin 2013 par le Centre d’histoire des Religions Cardinal Julien Ries et Pierre Bordreuil in memoriam. Turnhout, Brepols, coll. Homo Religiosus, série II, 14, pp. 247–260.
  • Znamenski, Andrei. 2003. Shamanism in Siberia: Russian Records of Siberian Spirituality. Dordrech et Bostoniae: Kluwer/Springer. ISBN 1402017405.
  • Znamensky, Andrei A. 2005. Az ősiség szépsége: altáji török sámánok a szibériai regionális gondolkodásban (1860–1920). In Csodaszarvas: Őstörténet, vallás és néphagyomány, 1:117–134, ed. Ádám Molnár. Budapestini: Molnár Kiadó. ISBN 9632182006.

Nexus externi

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  Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad samanismum spectant.