Vicipaedia

Pycnonotidae

Pycnonotidae sunt familiae oscenum magnitudinis mediae subordinis Passerorum, et Pycnonotidas Africanas insigniter comprehendit. Omnis familia trans plurimam Africam usque ad regiones Levantis, ab Asia tropica in Indonesiam, atque in septentriones usque ad Iaponiam distribuitur. Nonnullae species insulares in tropicis Oceani Indici insulis endemicae sunt. Omni familiae sunt plus quam centum quinquaginta species in viginti septem genera digestae. Variae species in variissimis habitationibus inveniuntur, sed species Africanae plerumque in silvis pluvialibus, speciesque Asianae plerumque in agris apertioribus habitant.

Classis : Aves 
Psittacopasserae 
Ordo : Passeriformes 
Subordo : Passeri 
Infraordo : Passerida 
Familia : Pycnonotidae 
Gray, GR, 1840
   
Subdivisiones: Genera
Vide commentarium.
Synonyma
* Brachypodidae Swainson, 1831
  • Trichophoridae Swainson, 1831
  • Ixosidae Bonaparte, 1838
  • Hypsipetidae Bonaparte, 1854
  • Crinigeridae Bonaparte, 1854 (1831)
  • Phyllastrephidae Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1879
  • Tyladidae Oberholser, 1917
  • Spizixidae Oberholser, 1919

Systematica recensere

Familiae hodie sunt viginti septem genera descripta.[1]

 
Dpizixos semitorques.
 
Pycnonotus jocosus.

Cladogramma recensere



cladus Africanus


Andropadus




Stelgidillas



Calyptocichla






Neolestes





Bleda (5 species)






Atimastillas




Ixonotus



Thescelocichla






Arizelocichla montana




Chlorocichla (5 species)




Chlorocichla simplex



Baeopogon (2 species)







Arizelocichla (12 species)







Criniger (5 species)



Eurillas (5 species)




Phyllastrephus (20 species)






cladus plerumque Asianus


Tricholestes





Setornis



Alophoixus (8 species)





Alcurus (2 species)




Iole (7 species)





Hemixos (4 species)



Acritillas





Ixos (5 species)



Hypsipetes (19 species)












Euptilotus



Microtarsus





Poliolophus



Brachypodius (4 species)







Ixodia (3 species)



Rubigula (5 species)






Nok



Spizixos (2 species)




Pycnonotus (32 species)








Phylogenia ex investigationibus Subir Shakya et Friderici Shelden anno 2017 divulgatis cum generibus refectis in indice pro International Ornithological Committee facto.[2][3] Genera Chlorocichla et Arizelocichla hodie definita monophyletica non sunt.

Descriptio recensere

 
Una ex Pycnonotidis ex Planitie Attappadi.

Pycnonotidae sunt passeri tenues collisque brevibus. Caudae sunt longae, alae breves et rotundae. Rostrum in paene omnibus speciebus est aliquantulum praelongum et in apice aliquantulum hamatum. Species longitudine a 13 centimetris in Phyllastrepho albigula ad 29 centimetra in Pycnonoto zeylanico variant. Sexus plerumque sunt similes, sed feminae aliquantulum breviores crescere solent; in aliquot autem speciebus, variationes sunt tam magnae ut efficienter aliae species descriptae sunt. Molles nonnullarum specierum pinnae sunt coloratae, cloacis, genis, aut superciliis flavis, rubris, aut auranitis, sed plurimae sunt cinereae, pinnis fuscis olivaceis ad nigras. Specibus quibus sunt oculi hebites saepe sunt anuli oculares oppositi. Nonnullae sunt cristae distinctissimae. Pycnonotidae sunt vehementer vocales, et vocationes plurimarum specierum describuntur sicut de naribus loquentes, vel glareae similes. Unus auctor dixit carmen Hypsipetis amaurotis esse "invenustissimum stridorem ab ulla ave factum."[4][5]

Notae recensere

  1. ↑ Bulbuls « IOC World Bird List. . www.worldbirdnames.org .
  2. ↑ Lapsus in citando: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ioc
  3. ↑ Lapsus in citando: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named shakya
  4. ↑ Anglice "the most unattractive noises made by any bird."
  5. ↑ Fishpool et Tobias 2005.

Bibliographia recensere

  • Beresford, P., F. K. Barker, P. G. Ryan, et T. M. Crowe. 2005. "African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas.'" Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 272 (1565): 849–58. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2997. PMC 1599865. PMID 15888418.
  • Cibois, Alice. 2001. "Am Endemic Radiation of Malagasy Songbirds Is Revealed by Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Data." Evolution. 55 (6): 1198. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2. PMID 11475055.
  • Delacour, J. 1943. "A revision of the genera and species of the family Pycnonotidae (bulbuls)." Zoologica 28 (1): 17–28.
  • Fishpool L., et J. Tobias. 2005. "Family Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls)." In Handbook of the Birds of the World: Volume 10: Cuckoo-Shrikes to Thrushes, ed. J. del Hoyo, A. Elliot, et D. Christie. Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-72-5.
  • Moyle, Robert G. 2006. "Phylogenetic relationships of the bulbuls (Aves: Pycnonotidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (3): 687–95. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.015. PMID 16750401.
  • Pasquet, Éric, Lian-Xian Han, Obhas Khobkhet, et Alice Cibois. 2001. "Towards a molecular systematics of the genus Criniger, and a preliminary phylogeny of the bulbuls (Aves, Passeriformes, Pycnonotidae)." Zoosystema 23 (4): 857–63. PDF, archivum.

Nexus externi recensere

  Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Pycnonotidas spectant.
  Situs scientifici:  • ITIS • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • WoRMS: Marine Species • Fossilworks


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