Hordeum vulgare

Hordeum vulgare (binomen a Carolo Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum), Latinitate classica hordeum, est species generis Hordei et familiae Poacearum. Est annuum frumentum cereale, quod maxima parte adhibetur ad animalia alenda, minus ad cibum humanum. Iuribus minutalibusque et pane hordeaceo a populis variis adhibetur. Grana hordei usitate in braces convertuntur ad cervisiam faciendam. Cultivatio hordei mundialis anno 2005 (560,000 chiliometris quadratis) fuit magnitudine quarta inter frumenta cerealia.^[1]

Ager ubi hordeum colitur

Plantae — Angiospermae

Monocotyledones
Commelinidae
Ordo : Poales
Familia : Poaceae
Subfamilia : Pooideae
Tribus : Hordeeae
Genus : Hordeum
Species : Hordeum vulgare
L.

Origo et historia

Genus Hordeum in zonis temperatis continentium quattuor crescit spontaneum, videlicet Asiae mediae, Africae australis, Americae Septentrionalis et Australis. Species quattuor ab hominibus coluntur, quarum duae Americanae boreales (H. jubatum et H. pusillum), duae Asiaticae occidentales, nominatim H. bulbosum et H. vulgare. Haec est hodie vulgatissima, aliis fere omnino oblitis. Stirps silvestris (melius H. vulgare L. ssp. spontaneum nuncupatum sed a nonnullis H. spontaneum) a litoribus orientalibus maris Mediterranei (Libya litorali, Asia Minore litorali, Creta, Cypro) per Mesopotamiam, Armeniam, Atropatenam et Iraniam occidentalem hodie crescit et usque in mediam Asiam (Turcomanniam, Uzbeciam, Afganiam, Ladakh et Thibetum).

Sed crebrissime floret in ea regione Asiae occidentalis quae "Luna fertilis" appellatur, cui est aqua abundans. Ibi grana hordei ab hominibus iam anno circiter 17 000 a.C.n. collecta sunt. Ibidem hordeum inter fruges conditrices agriculturae huius regionis neolithicae primum millennio fere IX a.C.n. cultum est.^[2] Recentissime inter eruditos satis constat hordeum rursus et separatim, sed tardius, e stirpibus silvestribus montanis in Thibeto domesticatum esse.^[3]

Index subspecierum^[4]

"Classificatio traditionalis"	Proprietates	"Divisiones hodiernae"
sect. Cerealia Åberg inter genus Hordeum L.		species singularis Hordeum vulgare L.
1. H. spontaneum K.Koch	silvestre; distichon, fragile, tunicatum	H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum
2. H. distichum L.	cultum; distichon, non fragile, maiori parte tunicatum	H. vulgare ssp. distichum
3. H. vulgare L., syn. H. hexastichum L.	cultum; hexastichon, non fragile, parte non tunicatum	H. vulgare ssp. vulgare
4. H. agriocrithon Åberg	hexastichon, fragile	hybridae secundarii inter sspp. spontaneum et vulgare

Unam legis e paginis de

victualibus

disserentibus

Cerealia

Legumina

Radices

Fructus

Sagum

Commercium

Res culinariae

Panis

Res medicinales

Vide etiam
categorias frumentorum, leguminum et radicum esculentarum

Chemia

Catechin-7-O-glucosidum in H. vulgare inveni potest.^[5]

Nexus interni

Beowa

Notae

↑ Statistica e situ interretiali Consociationis Nationum, pro Cibo et Agricultura (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations).
↑ Badr
↑ Fei
↑ Zohary p. 65
↑ Friedrich

Hordeum distichon et hexastichon.

Ratio cibariorum adultis (sextaria 30 vel 40) et pueris (sextaria 20) per mensem datorum, in cuneiforme in tabulis argillosis anno quarto Regis Urukagina (circa 2350 a.C.n.) scripta; ex Girsu Iraci, in Museo Britannico Londinii.

Bibliographia

Robin G. Allaby, Chris Stevens, Leilani Lucas, Osamu Maeda, Dorian Q. Fuller, "Geographic mosaics and changing rates of cereal domestication" in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B vol. 372 no. 1735 (2017)
A. Badr, K. Müller, R. Schäfer-Pregl, H. E. Rabey, S. Effgen, H. H. Ibrahim, C. Pozzi, W. Rohde, F.Salamini, "On the Origin and Domestication History of Barley (Hordeum vulgare)" in Molecular Biology and Evolution vol. 17 (2000) pp. 499–510
Alain Bonjean, E. Picard, Les céréales à paille: origine, histoire, économie, sélection. Lutetiae: Softword – Groupe ITM, 1990
Roland von Bothmer, Theo van Hintum, Helmut Knüpffer, Kazuhiro Sato, edd., Diversity in Barley (Hordeum vulgare). Amstelodami: Elsevier Science, 2003. ISBN 9780080530475 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
Chen Shouliang, Zhu Guanghua, "Hordeum vulgare" in Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong, edd., Flora of China. Volume 22: Poaceae (Pecingi: Science Press, 2006. ISBN 1-930723-50-4) p. 399
"Barley" in Andrew Dalby, Food in the Ancient World from A to Z (Londinii, 2003. ISBN 0415232597) p. 45-47
Fei Dai, Eviatar Nevo, Dezhi Wua, Jordi Comadran, Meixue Zhou, Long Qiu, Zhonghua Chen, Avigdor Beiles, Guoxiong Chen, Guoping Zhang, "Tibet is one of the centers of domestication of cultivated barley" in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 109 (2012)
Wolfgang Friedrich, Rudolf Galensa, "Identification of a new flavanol glucoside from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and malt" in European Food Research and Technology vol. 214 (2002) pp. 388–393 Epitome
Mordechai E. Kislev, Ehud Weiss, Anat Hartmann, "Impetus for sowing and the beginning of agriculture: Ground collecting of wild cereals" in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 101 (2004)
Matti W. Leino, Jenny Hagenblad, "Nineteenth Century Seeds Reveal the Population Genetics of Landrace Barley (Hordeum vulgare)" in Molecular Biology and Evolution vol. 27 (2010) pp. 964-973
"Hordeum" in Peter Hanelt, ed., Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (Berolini: Springer, 2001. ISBN 3-540-41017-1) pp. 2548-2558 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
Peter L. Morrell, Michael T. Clegg, "Genetic evidence for a second domestication of barley (Hordeum vulgare) east of the Fertile Crescent" in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 104 (2007)
Peter L. Morrell, Ana M. Gonzales, Kapua K.T. Meyer, Michael T. Clegg, "Resequencing Data Indicate a Modest Effect of Domestication on Diversity in Barley: A Cultigen With Multiple Origins" in Journal of Heredity (2013) Epitome
Simone Riehl, Konstantin Pustovoytov, Heike Weippert, Stefan Klett, Frank Hole, "Drought stress variability in ancient Near Eastern agricultural systems evidenced by δ13C in barley grain^{[nexus deficit]}" in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 111 (2014) pp. 12348–12353
Daisuke Saisho, Michael D. Purugganan, "Molecular Phylogeography of Domesticated Barley Traces Expansion of Agriculture in the Old World" in Genetics vol. 177 (2007) pp. 1765-1776
Wilfried Seibel, Warenkunde Getreide – Inhaltsstoffe, Analytik, Reinigung, Trocknung, Lagerung, Vermarktung, Verarbeitung. Bergen/Dumme: Agrimedia, 2005. ISBN 3-86037-257-2
"Barley" in Daniel Zohary, Maria Hopf, Domestication of Plants in the Old World: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe and the Nile Valley. 3a ed. (Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 9780198503569) pp. 59-69

Grana hordei cruda
Valor nutritivus per 100 g
Vis nutritivus	1474 kJ
Carbohydrata	77.7 g
Sacchara	0.8 g
Fibrum	15.6 g
Pingue	1.2 g
Proteinum	9.9 g
Thiaminum	0.2 mg (15%)
Riboflavinum	0.1 mg (7%)
Niacinum	4.6 mg (31%)
Acidum pantothenicum	0.3 mg (6%)
Vitaminum B6	0.3 mg (23%)
Folatum	23 μg (6%)
Vitaminum C	0.0 mg (0%)
Calcium	29.0 mg (3%)
Ferrum	2.5 mg (20%)
Magnesium	79.0 mg (21%)
Phosphorus	221 mg (32%)
Kalium	280 mg (6%)
Zincum	2.1 mg (21%)
Valores per centum secundum normas CFA Fons: USDA Nutrient Database