Systema excitans reticulare ascendens

Systema excitans reticulare ascendens est collectio nucleorum in trunco cerebri vertebratorum situata. Systema hoc simul est ipsa pars formationis reticularis, quae fibras nervales (ascendentes) in corticem cerebri mittit. Munera eius est statum vigilantem et numerum circadianum multiplicium fibrarum nervorum in cortices cerebri ambos distribuentium ope sustentare^[1]. Hoc in modum quaequae undarum EEG generatae sunt^[2].

Cave: notitiae huius paginae nec praescriptiones nec consilia medica sunt.

Truncus encephali cum partes systematis excitantis reticularis ascendentis.

Nuclei systematis excitantis reticularis ascendentis intra formatione reticulari et etiam thalamo cum systematibus neurotransmissorum acetylcholini, dopamini, acidi glutamici, histamini, noradrenalini, serotonini inveniuntur.

Damnum systematis excitantis reticularis ascendentis, ut in apoplexia cerebri, perturbationes graves perficiat^[3], at sanitas recuperata nonnumquam observata est^[4].

Historia

Anno 1949 MORUZZI et MAGOUN primum rationem systematis excitantis reticularis ascendentis, desynchronizationem undarum EEG formatione reticulari stimulata observantes, cognoverunt^[5].

De systematibus neurotransmissorum

Quaedam systemata neurotransmissorum systema excitans reticulare ascendens formant. Systema neurotransmissoris hic ad multitudinem neuronorum aequalium eodem neurotransmissore ex terminalibus synapticis liberato spectat. Verbi gratia systemate dopaminergico cellulae nervales cum synapticis dopaminergicis neurotransmissorem dopaminum liberant, incitantque postsynaptice receptoria dopaminergica.

Partes principales systematis excitantis reticularis ascendentis
Systema	Neuro transmissor	Correspondentes nuclei animum excitationem mediantes	Fontes
dopaminergicum	dopaminum	Area tegmentalis ventralis Substantia nigra (pars compacta)	^[6]
noradrenergicum	noradrenalinum	Locus caeruleus
serotonergicum	serotoninum	Nuclei raphes
histaminergicum	histaminum	Nucleus tuberomammillaris
cholinergicum	acetylcholinum	Nuclei tegmentales pontis: Nucleus tegmentalis laterodorsalis et nucleus tegmentalis pedunculopontinus Nuclei cholinergici partis basalis telencephali (prosencephali) (cum nucleo basali MEYNERT)
glutamatergicum	glutamatum	Nuclei trunci encephali: Nucleus parabrachialis, praecaeruleus, et nucleus tegmentalis pedunculopontinus Nuclei hypothalamici: Nucleus supramammillaris
Nuclei thalami		Nucleus reticularis thalami Nucleus intralaminaris, ac nucleus centromedianus

Systema dopaminergicum

In mesencephalo imprimis duo nuclei, cuius synapses neurotransmissorem dopaminum liberant, inveniuntur: substantia nigra, pars compacta (A9), ac area tegmentalis ventralis (A10).

Systema noradrenergicum

Perikarya initium fibrarum noradrenergicarum systematis excitantis ascendentis in loco caeruleo locata sunt^[7].

Fibrae nordrenergicae progrediuntur (exempla):

ab extensione rostrali loci caerulei ad partem parvocellularem nuclei paraventricularem (liberationem hormonis corticotrophinum liberantis (CRH) )^[8]

Systema serotonergicum

Inter systemata neurotransmissorum, intra systema exictans reticulare ascendens, systema serotonergicum maximum videtur. Fibrae nervales serotonergicae de nucleis raphes oriuntur.

Notae

↑ Schwartz J. R., Roth T. (2008). "Neurophysiology of sleep and wakefulness: basic science and clinical implications". Curr Neuropharmacol 6 (4): 367-78
↑ Brown R. E., McKenna J. T. (2015). "Turning a Negative into a Positive: Ascending GABAergic Control of Cortical Activation and Arousal". Front Neurol 6: 135
↑ Boukrina O., Barrett A. M.. (2017). "Disruption of the ascending arousal system and cortical attention networks in post-stroke delirium and spatial neglect". Neurosci Biobehav Rev 83: 1-10
↑ Jang S. H., Kim S. H., Lim H. W., Yeo S. S. (2015). "Recovery of injured lower portion of the ascending reticular activating system in a patient with traumatic brain injury". Am J Phys Med Rehabil 94 (3): 250-3
↑ Moruzzi G., Magoun H. W. (1949). "Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG". Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology 1: 455–73
↑ Iwańczuk W., Guźniczak P. (2015). "Neurophysiological foundations of sleep, arousal, awareness and consciousness phenomena. Part 1". Anaesthesiology intensive therapy 47 (2): 162-7
↑ Blier P., Briley M. (2011). "The noradrenergic symptom cluster: clinical expression and neuropharmacology". Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment (7 (Suppl. 1)): 15-20
↑ Itoi K., Sugimoto N. (may 2010). "The brainstem noradrenergic systems in stress, anxiety and depression". Journal of Neuroendocrinology 22 (5): 355-61

Nexus interni

[1] Schwartz J. R., Roth T. (2008). "Neurophysiology of sleep and wakefulness: basic science and clinical implications". Curr Neuropharmacol 6 (4): 367-78

[2] Brown R. E., McKenna J. T. (2015). "Turning a Negative into a Positive: Ascending GABAergic Control of Cortical Activation and Arousal". Front Neurol 6: 135

[3] Boukrina O., Barrett A. M.. (2017). "Disruption of the ascending arousal system and cortical attention networks in post-stroke delirium and spatial neglect". Neurosci Biobehav Rev 83: 1-10

[4] Jang S. H., Kim S. H., Lim H. W., Yeo S. S. (2015). "Recovery of injured lower portion of the ascending reticular activating system in a patient with traumatic brain injury". Am J Phys Med Rehabil 94 (3): 250-3

[5] Moruzzi G., Magoun H. W. (1949). "Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG". Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology 1: 455–73

[6] Iwańczuk W., Guźniczak P. (2015). "Neurophysiological foundations of sleep, arousal, awareness and consciousness phenomena. Part 1". Anaesthesiology intensive therapy 47 (2): 162-7

[7] Blier P., Briley M. (2011). "The noradrenergic symptom cluster: clinical expression and neuropharmacology". Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment (7 (Suppl. 1)): 15-20

[8] Itoi K., Sugimoto N. (may 2010). "The brainstem noradrenergic systems in stress, anxiety and depression". Journal of Neuroendocrinology 22 (5): 355-61

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