Hammurabi (rex Babyloniae)

Hammurabi vel Hammurapi (Accadice 𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏𒁉 Ḫămmŭrăpĭ 'cognatus est medicus', circa 1810 a.C.n.–circa 1750 a.C.n.) fuit sextus Veteris Imperii Babylonii rex Amoriticus, qui ab anno 1792 a.C.n. fere ad annum 1750 a.C.n. fere regnabat. Sin-Muballit^(en) patri successit, qui se valetudinis deficientis causa regno abdicaverat. Auctor insigniter fuit Codicis Hammurabi legum.

Codex Hammurabi in stela Susae reperta, nunc Lutetiae apud Museum Lupariense ostentatus, pars anterior et superior sculpta: Rex Hammurabi deum Šamaš veneratur, qui ei virgam et circulum porrigit.

Codex Hammurabi. Lutetiae apud Museum Lupariense ostentatus. Pars posterior.

Quadraginta tres annos regnavit. Unicuique anno regni nomen suum erat, ex eventu anni prioris inditum; illorum annorum catalogus et ordo chronologicus hodie notus est. Difficilius erat tempus eius regni ad annos nostri temporis referre; nihilominus, plerique eruditi chronologiam "mediam" dictam probaverunt, et eum regnasse inter 1792 et 1750 a.C.n. putant. Ut plerique reges in Mesopotamia illius aetatis Hammurabi gente Amoritarum ortus erat, qui e Syria circa 2000 a.C.n. in Mesopotamiam invaserunt et plura regna condiderunt. Cum patri Sin-Muballit anno 1792 a.C.n. successit et urbs ipsa et fines Babyloniaci modici erant: praeter Babylonem praecipua urbs Sippar erat, quae Šamaš deo Soli dedita erat. Potentibus regibus circumdabatur, ut Samsi-Addu a septentrione et rege Elamitarum ab oriente vel Rim-Sin a meridie qui in antiquis urbibus Sumeri regnabat, vel etiam rege Ešnunnae Daduša. Cum vero obiit (1750 a.C.n.) Babylonius rex in tota Mesopotamia dominabatur. Quin etiam ab eo usque ad aetatem hellenisticam homines Babylonem velut fontem et caput litterarum Mesopotamicarum venerabantur. Filius Samsu-Iluna (1749–1712 a.C.n.) ei successit.

Bibliographia

Fontes

• Altbabylonische Briefe in Umschrift und Übersetzung, Lugduni Batavorum: 1964–2005. 14 vol.
• Archives Royales de Mari. Lutetiae: Geuthner ac deinde Ed. Recherches sur les civilisations, 1942-2012. 32 vol. [1].
• Finet, André. 2004. Le Code de Hammurabi: introduction, traduction [de l'akkadien] et annotation par. Quinta editio. Coll. Littératures anciennes du Proche-Orient. Lutetiae: Le Cerf. ISBN 2-204-07013-0.
• Frayne, Douglas. 1990. The Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Early periods, volume 4: Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). Toronti: University of Toronto Press, p. 332-71.
• Horsnell, Malcolm J. A. 1999. The year-names of the First Dynasty of Babylon, vol. 2, Hamilton: McMaster University Press, p. 105-174.
• Seux, Marie-Joseph. 1986. "Lois de l'Ancien Orient." Lutetiae: Le Cerf. Coll. Cahiers Évangile 56.
• Sollberger, Edmond, et Jean-Robert Kupper. 1971. Inscriptions royales sumériennes et akkadiennes. Lutetiae: Le Cerf. Coll. Littératures anciennes du Proche-Orient, p. 212-19.

Historia Mésopotamiae et Babylonis

• Lafont, Bertrand, Aline Tenu, Philippe Clancier, et Francis Joannès. 2017. La Mésopotamie: De Gilgamesh à Artaban (3300-120 av. J.-C.). Lutetiae: Belin.
• Beaulieu, Paul-Alain. 2018. A History of Babylon, 2200 BC - AD 75. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Radner, Karen. 2020. A Short History of Babylon. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Bloomsbury Academic.

Aevum palaeo-Babylonium

• Charpin, Dominique. 2004. "Histoire politique du Proche-Orient amorrite (2002-1595)." In Mesopotamien: die altbabylonische Zeit, ed. Dominique Charpin, Dietz-Otto Edzard, et Marten Stol, 25-480. Fribourg et Göttingen: Academic Press Fribourg; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
• Boivin, Odette. 2020. "The Kingdom of Babylon and the Kingdom of the Sealand." In The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, Volume 2: From the End of the Third Millennium BC to the Fall of Babylon, ed. Karen Radner, Nadine Moeller, et Daniel T. Potts, 566-655. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press.

Hammurabi rex

• Charpin, Dominique. 2003. Hammu-rabi de Babylone. Lutetiae: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-053963-6.
• Klengel, Horst. 1991. König Hammurapi und der Alltag Babylons Dusseldorii: Artemis & Winkler.
• Michalowski, Piotr, et Michael P. Streck. 2017. "Hammurapi." Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie. 15: 380-90.
• Van De Mieroop,Marc. 2005. King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography. Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-2660-1. OCLC 255676990. Situs interretialis.

Codices legitimi

• Driver, Godfrey R.; Miles, John C. (1952). The Babylonian Laws: Edited with Translation and Commentary. 1: Legal Commentary. Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-1-55635-229-4 
• Prince, J. Dyneley (1904). "The Code of Hammurabi". The American Journal of Theology 8 (3): 601–609 .
• Roth, Martha T. (1995). Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. Atlantae: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-0-7885-0104-3 .

Generalia

• Arnold, Bill T. (2005). Who Were the Babylonians?. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-13071-5 .
• Barton, George A. (1916). Archæology and the Bible. Philadelphiae: American Sunday-School Union .
• Bertman, Stephen (2003). Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518364-1 .
• Breasted, James Henry (2003). Ancient Time or a History of the Early World, Part 1. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7661-4946-5 .
• DeBlois, Lukas (1997). An Introduction to the Ancient World. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-12773-8 .
• Khwshnaw, Ardalan (2023-02-10). "A New Old Babylonian Date List with Hammurapi Year Names". Journal of Studies in History and Archeology (84): 665–86 .
• Millard, Alan (2004). Hammurapi. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504645-8 .
• Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Londinii: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-012523-8 .
• Ziolkowski, Theodore (2012), Gilgamesh among Us: Modern Encounters with the Ancient Epic, Ithacae in Novo Eboraco et Londinii: Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8014-5035-8 .

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Hammurabi spectant.

• A Closer Look at the Code of Hammurabi. Museum Lupariense.
• Opera auctore "Hammurabi (rex Babyloniae)" apud gutenberg.org reperta
• Formula:Internet Archive author
• Nomina annorum Hammurabi regis.