Familia Song

Familia Song (Mandarinice 宋朝; pinyin Sòng cháo) fuit imperialis Sinarum familia, quae inter annos 960 et 1279 regnabat. Quam familiam Taizu imperator condidit, regno domus Zhou posterioris posterioris usurpato, quem temporis intervallum Quinque Familiarum et Decem Regnorum spatium terminavit. Familia ipsa saepenumero cum coaevo Liao, Xia Occidentali, et Jin, familiis Sinarum septentrionalium conflictaratur. Decenniis post resistentiae armatae meridianas Sinas defendentis, demum Mongoli, nomine familiae Yuan, dicioni suae subiecerunt.

Regnum Songense in duo temporis spatia dividitur: Song septentrionale et meridianum. Song septentrionali regnante (960–1127), caput urbis septentrionalis Bianjing (nunc Kaifeng) erat, et familia maximam partem moderabatur terrae quae nunc Sinae Orientales occupant. Song Meridianum (1127–1279) ad tempus pertinet postquam dynastia potestatem super dimidium septentrionale terrae dynastiae Jin in bellis Jin-Song amisit. Eo tempore, curia Song recessit meridiana parte Fluminis Caerulei et caput eius Lin'an constituebat.

Quamvis familia priorum terrarum Sinensium apud Flumen Flavum potestatem amisit, Imperium Song meridianum magnum regnicolarum numerum agrosque fecundos continuit, quae oeconomiam robustam sustinuerunt. Anno 1234, familiam Jin occupaverunt Mongoli, qui exinde Sinas septentrionales moderari coeperant, relationes difficiles cum Song meridiano conservantes. Möngke Imperii Mongolici chanis, anno 1259 obiit castellum Diaoyucheng obsessurus. Kublai, frater natu minor et successor chanis, mox imperator Sinensis declaratus, familiam Yuan condidit. Transactis belli praedatorii decennis, copiae chanis domum Song anno 1279 occupaverunt, devicerunt, Sinas dicione suae reuniverunt.

Bodhisattva ligneus ex domu Song (960–1279).

Aetate familiae Song technologia, scientia, philosophia, mathematica, et ars ingeniaria floruerunt. Domus inter primas refertur quae in historia mundi chartas nummarias exhibuerint classemque permanentem constituerunt. Imperium primum formulam chemicam pulveris incendiarii litteris mandavit, sicut sagittas lanceasque igniferas, bombas. Primo pyxi nautica septentrionem discreverunt, primo descriptionem cataractae tradiderunt, consilia horologii astronomici amelioraverunt.

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Bibliographia addita

Bol, Peter K. (1992). "This Culture of Ours": Intellectual Transitions in T'ang and Sung China. Stanfordiae Californiae: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1920-9 .
Cotterell, Arthur (2007), The Imperial Capitals of China – An Inside View of the Celestial Empire, Londinii: Pimlico, ISBN 978-1-84595-009-5 .
Gascoigne, Bamber (2003), The Dynasties of China: A History, Novi Eboraci: Carroll & Graf, ISBN 978-1-84119-791-3 .
Gernet, Jacques (1982), A history of Chinese civilization, Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-24130-4 .
Kruger, Rayne (2003), All Under Heaven: A Complete History of China, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-470-86533-0 .
Kuhn, Dieter (2009). The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of China. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03146-3 .
Rossabi, Morris (1983). China among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries. Berkeliae: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04383-1 .

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad domum Song spectant.