Particula subatomica

Particula subatomica in scientiis physicis est res atomo minor.^[1] Particulae subatomicae esse possunt particulae compositae, sicut neutron et proton, aut particulae elementariae, quae, apud theoriam canonicam, ex aliis particulis non constant.^[2] Quas particulas omnes eorumque modos interactionis inter se physica particularum et physica nuclearis investigant.^[3]

Ratio principiorum atomi helii quae saeculo vicesimo obtinebat: duo protones (rubri), duo neutrones (virides), et duo electrones (flavi).

Notio particularum subatomicarum expolita est cum experimenta monstararent lucem agere sicut fluxus particularum (photonum appellatarum) et proprietates quasi undas exhibere posse. Quod vicissim notionem dualitatis undarum particularumque genuit ad particulas accommodandas quae gradu quanti, sicut ambo particulae et undae, se gerunt; unde hae particulae undicula,^[4] vocabula undam et particulam in portmanteau coniungens, aliquando appellantur.

Alia notio, principium incertitudinis, dicit mensuram nonnullarum ex eorum proprietatibus una computatis, sicut eorum positione momentoque eodem tempore, subtiliter fieri non posse.^[5] Ut experimenta probant, dualitas undarum particularumque non solum photonis, sed particulis massivioris, adhibentur.^[6]

Interactiones particularum in forma theoriae camporum quanticorum esse intelleguntur creatio et annihilatio quanti interactionum fundamentalium congruentium. Quod physicam particularum cum theoria camporum quanticorum miscet.

Subtili particulae definitioni, etiam ab eruditis particularum physicis positae, sunt descriptiones variae. Inter professionales particulae definitiones sunt:

Particula est lapsus functionis undae.
Particula est excitatio quantorum campi.
Particula est irreducibilis gregis Poincaré repraesentatio.
Particula est chorda vibrans.
Particula est rem quam in detectore metimur.^[7]

Nexus interni

Notae

↑ "Subatomic particles". NTD .
↑ Bolonkin, Alexander (2011). Universe, Human Immortality and Future Human Evaluation. Elsevier. pp. 25. ISBN 9780124158016 .
↑ Fritzsch, Harald (2005). Elementary Particles. World Scientific. pp. 11–20. ISBN 978-981-256-141-1 .
↑ Anglice waveicles.
↑ Heisenberg, Werner (1927), "Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik", Zeitschrift für Physik 43 (3–4): 172–198 .
↑ Arndt, Markus; Nairz, Olaf; Vos-Andreae, Julian; Keller, Claudia; Van Der Zouw, Gerbrand; Zeilinger, Anton (2000). "Wave-particle duality of C60 molecules". Nature 401 (6754): 680–682 .
↑ "What Is a Particle?" apud Quanta Magazine.

Bibliographia

Libri generales

Clegg, Brian. 2017. The quantum physics bible: the definitive guide to 200 years of subatomic science. Buffalo Novi Eboraci: Firefly Books. ISBN 9781770859920. ISBN 1770859926.
Feynman, R. P., et Steven Weinberg. 1987. Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics: The 1986 Dirac Memorial Lectures. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
Greene, Brian. 1999. The Elegant Universe. Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-05858-1.
Greene, Brian. 2006. El universo elegante. Ed. critica. Drakontos. ISBN 84-8432-781-7.
Halzen, F., et D. Martin. 1984. Quarks & Leptons. Novi Eboraci: John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-81187-4.
Oerter, Robert. 2006. The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics. Plume.
Schumm, Bruce A. 2004. Deep Down Things: The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7971-X.
Schwarz, Cindy. 1997. A tour of the subatomic zoo: a guide to particle physics. Ed. secunda. Praefatio Sheldon Glashow. Woodbury Novi Eboraci: American Institute of Physics. ISBN 1563966174.
Veltman, Martinus. 2003. Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-238-149-1.

Libri definitivi

Coughlan, G. D., J. E. Dodd, et B. M. Gripaios. 2006. The Ideas of Particle Physics: An Introduction for Scientists. Ed. tertia. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
Griffiths, David J. 1987. Introduction to Elementary Particles. Novi Eboraci: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-60386-3.
Humphrey, Marc, Paul V. Pancella, et Nora Berrah. 2015. Quantum physics. Novi Eboraci: Alpha, a member of Penguin Group. ISBN 9781615643172. ISBN 1615643176.
Kane, Gordon L. 1987. Modern Elementary Particle Physics. Perseus Books. ISBN 978-0-201-11749-3.
Pohl, Martin. 2021. Particles, fields, space-time: from Thomson's electron to Higgs' boson. Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press. ISBN 9780367347239. ISBN 9780367353810.
Stwertka, Albert. 1985. Recent revolutions in physics: the subatomic world. Novi Eboraci: F. Watts. ISBN 0531100669.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad particulas subatomicas spectant.

Galvez, Jose. "Capitulum 1." Electrodynamica. PDF.
Particle Data Group. Apud Universitatem Californiensem.
Tabula particularum. Cpepweb.org.
De theoria canonica. Particleadventure.org.
"Quantum Field Theory." Annotated Physics Encyclopædia.

[1] "Subatomic particles". NTD .

[2] Bolonkin, Alexander (2011). Universe, Human Immortality and Future Human Evaluation. Elsevier. pp. 25. ISBN 9780124158016 .

[IntroQM1-3] Fritzsch, Harald (2005). Elementary Particles. World Scientific. pp. 11–20. ISBN 978-981-256-141-1 .

[4] Anglice waveicles.

[5] Heisenberg, Werner (1927), "Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik", Zeitschrift für Physik 43 (3–4): 172–198 .

[6] Arndt, Markus; Nairz, Olaf; Vos-Andreae, Julian; Keller, Claudia; Van Der Zouw, Gerbrand; Zeilinger, Anton (2000). "Wave-particle duality of C60 molecules". Nature 401 (6754): 680–682 .

[7] "What Is a Particle?" apud Quanta Magazine.

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