Apoda

Apoda sunt grex amphibiorum serpentinorum sive vermiformium membris carentium. Plerumque in humo et in substratis fluminum latent, ut ignotissimus amphibiorum ordo sint. Omnes caeciliani exstantes et eorum proxima fossilia cognata unus cladus habentur, intra Gymnophiona, maiorem gregem, quae etiam priora amphibia caeciliformia exstincta comprehendunt.^[1] Apoda plerumque in regionibus tropicis Americae Mediae Australisque, Africae, et Asiae meridianae distribuuntur. Megadrilaceis parvisque animalibus subterraneanis vescuntur.

Dermophis mexicanus

Animalia — Chordata

Classis : Amphibia
Ordo : Apoda
Oppel, 1811

Palaeontologia

100–0 m.a.: Cretaceum superius > Recens^[1]

Subdivisiones: Familiae

Caeciliidae

Chikilidae
Dermophiidae
Herpelidae
Ichthyophiidae
Indotyphlidae
Rhinatrematidae
Scolecomorphidae
Siphonopidae

Typhlonectidae

Territorium

Hodierna apodorum distributio (viride)

Taxinomia

Ichthyophis in Horto Zoologico Antoniopoli.

Recentissima apodorum classificatio caecilianos in novem familias digessit, quibus sunt paene ducentae species.^[2] Ex quo tempore, Chikildae, decima familia, inventa est.^[3]^[4] Haec classificatio in perfectam indiciorum monophyliae molecularisque definitionem condita est,^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] et vetustissimas paraphyliae Caeciliidarum in prioribus classificationibus quaestiones solvit, sine propria fudicia in synonymia.^[9]^[10]

Ordo 256 species in 56 generibus comprehendit.

Rhinatrematidae – 2 genera, 11 species; America Australis
Ichthyophiidae – 3 genera, 52 species; Asia Meridiana et Meridiorientalis
Scolecomorphidae – 2 genera, 6 species; Africa
Herpelidae – 2 genera, 9 species; Africa
Chikilidae – 1 genus, 4 species; India
Caeciliidae – 22 genera, 106 species; America Media et Australis
Typhlonectidae – 5 genera, 13 species; America Australis
Indotyphlidae – 7 genera, 20 species; Insulae Seisellenses, India, Africa
Siphonopidae – 8 genera, 21 species; America Australis
Dermophiidae – 4 genera, 14 species; Africa, America Media et Australis

Recentissima caecilianorum phylogenia in indiciis molecularibus et mitogenomicis a San Mauro et aliis (2014) investigatis condita est.^[11]^[12]

Gymnophiona

Eocaeciliidae

†Eocaecilia micropodia

†Rubricacaecilia monbaroni

Apoda

Rhinatrematidae

	Rhinatrema

	Epicrionops

Stegokrotaphia

Ichthyophiidae

	Uraeotyphlus

	Ichthyophis

Teresomata

Scolecomorphidae

	Crotaphatrema

	Scolecomorphus

Caecilioidei

Chikilidae

Chikila

Herpelidae

	Herpele

	Boulengerula

Hedraeoglossi

	Oscaecilia

	Caecilia

Siphonopidei

Indotyphlidae

?Idiocranium

?Indotyphlus

?Sylvacaecilia

Gegeneophis

Hypogeophis

	Praslinia

	Grandisonia

Dermophiidae

Geotrypetes

Schistometopum

	Gymnopis

	Dermophis

Siphonopidae

	?Brasilotyphlus

	?Microcaecilia

	?Mimosiphonops

	Luetkenotyphlus

	Siphonops

Nitae

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Evans, Susan E.; Sigogneau-Russell, Denise (2001). "A stem-group caecilian (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona) from the Lower Cretaceous of North Africa". Palaeontology 44 (2): 259–273
↑ Wilkinson et al. 2011.
↑ Kamei, R.G.; San Mauro, D.; Gower, D. J.; Van Bocxlaer, I.; Sherratt, E.; Thomas, A.; Babu, S.; Bossuyt, F. et al (2012). "Discovery of a new family of amphibians from Northeast India with ancient links to Africa". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 279 (1737): 2396–401 .
↑ "New amphibian family found in India". Associated Press. CBC News. 21 Februarii 2012 .
↑ San Mauro, D.; Gower, D. J.; Oommen, O. V.; Wilkinson, M.; Zardoya, R. (2004). "Phylogeny of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear RAG1". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33 (2): 413–427 .
↑ San Mauro, D.; Gower, D. J.; Massingham, T.; Wilkinson, M.; Zardoya, R.; Cotton, J. A. (2009). "Experimental design in caecilian systematics: phylogenetic information of mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rag1". Systematic Biology 58 (4): 425–438 .
↑ Zhang, P.; Wake, M. H. (2009). "A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny and biogeography of living caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53 (2): 479–491 .
↑ San Mauro, D.; Gower, D. J.; Cotton, J. A.; Zardoya, R.; Wilkinson, M.; Massingham, T. (2012). "Experimental design in phylogenetics: testing predictions from expected information". Systematic Biology 61 (4): 661–674 .
↑ Wilkinson et al. 2011.
↑ Frost, Darrel R.; Grant, Taran; Faivovich, Julián; Bain, Raoul H.; Haas, Alexander; Haddad, Célio F.B.; De Sá, Rafael O.; Channing, Alan et al (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–370, appendices
↑ Pyron, R. A.; Wiens, J. J. (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61 (2): 543–583
↑ San Mauro et al. 2014.

Bibliographia

Eocaecilia, primus caecilianus notus.

Cura materna in Ichthyophis.

San Mauro, D., D. J. Gower, H. Müller, S. P. Loader, R. Zardoya, R. A. Nussbaum, et M. Wilkinson. 2014. Life-history evolution and mitogenomic phylogeny of caecilian amphibians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 73: 177–89. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.009. PMID 24480323. HDL 10261/123960.
Wilkinson, M., D. San Mauro, E. Sherratt, et D. J. Gower. 2011. A nine-family classification of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Zootaxa 2874: 41–64. PDF.

Nexus externi

Vide "Gymnophiona" apud Vicispecies.

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Gymphiona spectant.

[Evans&SigogneauRussell2001-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Evans, Susan E.; Sigogneau-Russell, Denise (2001). "A stem-group caecilian (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona) from the Lower Cretaceous of North Africa". Palaeontology 44 (2): 259–273

[2] Wilkinson et al. 2011.

[Chiklidae-3] Kamei, R.G.; San Mauro, D.; Gower, D. J.; Van Bocxlaer, I.; Sherratt, E.; Thomas, A.; Babu, S.; Bossuyt, F. et al (2012). "Discovery of a new family of amphibians from Northeast India with ancient links to Africa". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 279 (1737): 2396–401 .

[4] "New amphibian family found in India". Associated Press. CBC News. 21 Februarii 2012 .

[5] San Mauro, D.; Gower, D. J.; Oommen, O. V.; Wilkinson, M.; Zardoya, R. (2004). "Phylogeny of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear RAG1". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33 (2): 413–427 .

[6] San Mauro, D.; Gower, D. J.; Massingham, T.; Wilkinson, M.; Zardoya, R.; Cotton, J. A. (2009). "Experimental design in caecilian systematics: phylogenetic information of mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rag1". Systematic Biology 58 (4): 425–438 .

[7] Zhang, P.; Wake, M. H. (2009). "A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny and biogeography of living caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53 (2): 479–491 .

[8] San Mauro, D.; Gower, D. J.; Cotton, J. A.; Zardoya, R.; Wilkinson, M.; Massingham, T. (2012). "Experimental design in phylogenetics: testing predictions from expected information". Systematic Biology 61 (4): 661–674 .

[9] Wilkinson et al. 2011.

[10] Frost, Darrel R.; Grant, Taran; Faivovich, Julián; Bain, Raoul H.; Haas, Alexander; Haddad, Célio F.B.; De Sá, Rafael O.; Channing, Alan et al (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–370, appendices

[11] Pyron, R. A.; Wiens, J. J. (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61 (2): 543–583

[12] San Mauro et al. 2014.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]