Testudines

Testudines sunt animalia classis reptilium, quibus est praecipua testa ossea vel cartilaginea, ex eorum costis evoluta et scutum agendum. Ordo species ambas exstantis exstinctasque comprehendit. Primae huius gregis species Iurassico medio ortae sunt, qua pro causa testudines sunt unus ex veterrimis reptilium gregibus, atque anguibus crocodiliisque antiquior. Ex 356 speciebus notis quae hodie in vita sunt, nonnullae in periculum addicuntur.

Terrapene carolina

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Animalia — Chordata

Classis : Reptilia 
Ordo : Testudines 
Batsch, 1788

   

Palaeontologia

Iurassico medio – Praesens, Aalenian–Holocaenum

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O

S

D

C

P

T

I

K

Pg

N

Subdivisiones: Subgreges

Cryptodira

Pleurodira

†Paracryptodira

Synonyma

* Chelonii Latreille 1800

• Chelonia Ross and Macartney 1802

Territorium

Distributio geographica: caeruleus, testudines maritimi; niger, testudines terrestres

Testudines sunt ectothermi—animalia vulgo poikilothermi appellata—quod significat eorum temperaturam internum cum temperatura ambiente variare. Corporea autem Dermochelytis coriaceae temperatura, propter eius altam proportionem metabolicam, aqua circumpatenti insigniter altior est. Testudines amniota classificantur, cum aliis reptilibus, avibus, et mammalibus. Aliorum amniotorum similes, aerem suspirant, et ova in aqua non pariunt, quamquam multae species in aut prope aquam habitant.

Classificatio

Ordo Testudines Linnaeus, 1758

• Subordo Pleurodira Cope, 1864
  • Familia †Apertotemporalidae Kühne, 1937
  • Familia †Platychelyidae Brän, 1965 sensu Gaffney, Tong & Buffetaut, 2006
  • Familia †Dortokidae Lapparent de Broin & Murelaga, 1996
  • Familia †Notoemyidae Fernandez & Fuente, 1994
  • Superfamilia Cheloides Gray, 1825 sensu Gaffney, Tong & Buffetaut, 2006
    • Familia Chelidae Gray, 1825
  • Superfamilia Pelomedusoides Cope, 1868 sensu Broin 1988
    • Familia †Araripemydidae Price, 1973
    • Familia Pelomedusidae
    • Familia †Euraxemydidae Gaffney, Tong & Buffetaut, 2006
    • Familia †Bothremydidae Baur, 1891
    • Familia Podocnemididae Cope, 1868
• Subordo Cryptodira Duméril & Bibron, 1835
  • Infraordo Eucryptodira Gaffney, 1975a sensu Gaffney, 1984
    • Familia †Macrobaenidae Sukhanov 1964
    • Familia †Eurysternidae Dollo, 1886
    • Familia †Plesiochelyidae Baur, 1888
    • Familia †Xinjiangchelyidae Nesov, 1990
    • Cladus Centrocryptodira
      • Familia †Osteopygidae Zangerl, 1953
      • Familia †Sinemydidae Yeh, 1963
    • Cladus Polycryptodira Gaffney, 1988
      • Cladus Pantrionychia
        • Familia †Adocidae
        • Superfamilia Trionychoidea Gray, 1870
          • Familia Carettochelyidae Boulenger, 1887
          • Familia Trionychidae Fitzinger, 1826
        • Superfamilia Testudinoidea Baur, 1893
          • Familia †Haichemydidae Sukhanov & Narmandakh, 2006
          • Familia †Lindholmemydidae Chkhikvadze, 1970
          • Familia †Sinochelyidae Chkhikvadze, 1970
          • Familia Emydidae (Rafinesque, 1815)
          • Familia Geoemydidae Theobald, 1868
          • Familia Testudinidae Batsch, 1788
        • Cladus Americhelydia Crawford et al., 2014
          • Familia Chelydridae Gray, 1831
          • Superfamilis Kinosternoidea Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004
            • Familia Dermatemydidae Gray, 1870
            • Familia Kinosternidae Agassiz, 1857
          • Superfamilia Chelonioidea Bauer, 1893
            • Familia †Toxochelyidae Baur, 1895
            • Familia Cheloniidae Oppel, 1811
            • Familia†Thalassemydidae
            • Familia Dermochelyidae Fitzinger, 1843
            • Familia †Protostegidae Cope, 1872
• Cladus †Paracryptodira
  • Familia †Pleurosternidae Cope, 1868
  • Familia †Compsemyidae
  • Familia †Baenidae Cope, 1882

Notae

Testudo maritimus in Henry Doorly Zoo Omahae Nebrascae.

Bibliographia

• Alderton, D. (1986). An Interpret Guide to Reptiles & Amphibians. Londinii & Novi Eboraci: Salamander Books 
• Amato, George (2007) (video). A Conversation at the Museum of Natural History (.flv). POV25 .
• Angier, N. (12 Decembris 2012). "All but Ageless, Turtles Face Their Biggest Threat: Humans" 
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• Benton, M. J. (2000). Vertebrate Paleontology (secunda ed.). London: Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-05614-9  (Ed. tertia, 2004, ISBN 0-632-05637-1.
• Brennessel, B. (2006). Diamonds in the Marsh: A Natural History of the Diamondback Terrapin. UPNE. ISBN 978-1584655367 
• "Turtles as Pets | CDC Healthy Pets Healthy People". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 2007 
• Marshall Cavendish (2001). Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World. ISBN 978-0761471943 
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• Connor, Michael J. (2009). "CTTC's Turtle Trivia". California Turtle & Tortoise Club 
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• Everhart, Mike (2012). "Marine Turtles". Oceans of Kansas Paleontology 
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• Gaffney, E. S. (1996). "The postcranial morphology of Meiolania platyceps and a review of the Meiolaniidae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 229: 1–166 
• Gaffney, E. S.; Tong, H.; Meylan, P. A. (2006). "Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the families Bothremydidae, Euraxemydidae, and Araripemydidae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 300: 1–698 
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• Gannon, Megan (31 Octobris 2012). "Jurassic turtle graveyard found in China". Livescience.com 
• "Isn't it against the law to sell turtles that are smaller than 4 inches?". Gulf Coast Turtle and Tortoise Society. November 2007 
• Formula:Cite magazine Exemplar.
• Hutchinson, J. (1996). "Introduction to Testudines: The Turtles". University of California Museum of Paleontology 
• Iwabe, Naoyuki; Hara, Yuichiro; Kumazawa, Yoshinori; Shibamoto, Kaori; Saito, Yumi; Miyata, Takashi; Katoh, Kazutaka (December 2004). "Sister group relationship of turtles to the bird-crocodilian clade revealed by nuclear DNA-coded proteins". Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 (4): 810–813 
• Iverson, J. B.; Kimerling, A. Jon; Kiester, A. Ross (1999). "List of All Families". Terra Cognita Laboratory, Geosciences Department of Oregon State University 
• Jackson, D. C. (2002). "Hibernating without oxygen: Physiological adaptations of the painted turtle". Journal of Physiology 543 (Pt 3): 731–7 
• Joyce, Walter G. (2007). "Phylogenetic relationships of Mesozoic turtles". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 48 (1): 3–102 
• Katsu, Y.; Braun, E. L.; Guillette, L. J. Jr.; Iguchi, T. (March 2010). "From reptilian phylogenomics to reptilian genomes: analyses of c-Jun and DJ-1 proto-oncogenes". Cytogenetic and Genome Research 127 (2–4): 79–93 
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• Laurin, Michel (1996). "Introduction to Procolophonoidea". University of California Museum of Paleontology 
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• Lyson, Tyler R.; Bever, Gabe S.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Joyce, Walter G.; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2010). "Transitional fossils and the origin of turtles". Biology Letters 6 (6): 830–33 
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• "Alligator Snapping Turtle". nationalgeographic.com. 2011 
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• Priest, Toni E.; Franklin, Craig E. (December 2002). "Effect of Water Temperature and Oxygen Levels on the Diving Behavior of Two Freshwater Turtles: Rheodytes leukops and Emydura macquarii". Journal of Herpetology 36 (4): 555–61 
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• Wings, Oliver; Rabi, Márton; Schneider, Jörg W.; Schwermann, Leonie; Ge Sun; Chang-Fu Zhou; Joyce, Walter G. (2012). "An enormous Jurassic turtle bone bed from the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, China". Naturwissenschaften 114 (11): 925–35 
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• "Declared Turtle Trade From the United States – Totals". World Chelonian Trust. Maius 2006 
• "Declared Turtle Trade From the United States: Destinations". World Chelonian Trust. May 2006 
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• Zardoya, R.; Meyer, A. (1998). "Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 (24): 14226–14231 

Bibliographia addita

• Pritchard, Peter Charles Howard.1979. Encyclopedia of turtles. Neptunus Novae Caesareae: T. F. H. Publications. ISBN 978-0-87666-918-1. Editio interretialis.
• Wyneken, Jeanette, Matthew H. Godfrey, et Vincent Bels, eds. 2008. Biology of turtles. Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press. ISBN 9780849333392, ISBN 0849333393.

Nexus externi

Lege de Turtle in Vicilibris.

• "Recipes from Another Time." 2001. Smithsonian Magazine.
• "Chelonian studbook."
• "Biogeography and Phylogeny of the Chelonia."
• De evolutione testae testudinis. New Scientist.