Musica aleatoria

Musica aleatoria (ab alea) est musica in qua pars compositionis a fortuna efficitur, et/aut pars operis compositi effecti ab actore vel actoribus determinatur. Vocabulum saepissime cum rationibus ubi fortuna finitum rerum quae fieri possunt numerum implicat. Musici Europaei vocabulum didicerunt per acroases a Werner Meyer-Eppler, acustico Germanico, in Schola Aestivali Musicae Novae Darmstadiensi annis 1950 exeuntibus habitas. Secundum cuius definitione, "ratio aleatoria dicitur . . . si eius progressus generatim determinatur sed de fortuna singulatim dependet." Vocabulum vicissim a Petro Boulez compositore Francico populo gratum factum est.

Ioannes Cage (1988), cuius Music of Changes ('Musica mutationum', 1951) primum opus musicum a fortuna penitus effectum saepe habetur.

Nexus interni

• Aleatorismus
• Compositio extemporanea
• Contingentia
• Musica algorithmica
• Musica electronica
• Musica generativa
• Musica stochastica

Bibliographia

• Boehmer, Konrad. 1967. Zur Theorie der offenen Form in der neuen Musik. Darmstadt: Edition Tonos.
• Boulez, Pierre. 1957. Aléa. Nouvelle Revue française 59 (1 November).
• Farach-Colton, Andrew. 2005. Hovhaness Concerto for 2 Pianos; (3) Pieces for 2 Pianos. Gramophone, November.
• Fierdag, Hanno. 2004. Die Aleatorik in der Kunst und das Urheberrecht: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Computer generated works.
• Fisher, Lynn. 2010. An Unlikely Musical Pioneer? Early Aleatory Counterpoint. AleaCounterpoint, 8 Iunii.
• Griffiths, Paul. 2001. Aleatory. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Ed. 2a., ed. Stanley Sadie et John Tyrrell. Londinii: Macmillan Publishers.
• Hovhaness, Alan. 1944. Lousadzak, op. 48 (partitura). Novi Eboraci: Peer International Corporation.
• Hovhaness, Alan. 1958. Meditation on Orpheus (partitura), op. 155. Novi Eboraci: C. F. Peters Corporation.
• Jacobs, Arthur. 1966. Admonitoric Note. The Musical Times 107(1479):414.
• Joe, Jeongwon, et S. Hoon Song. 2002. Roland Barthes' ’Text’ and Aleatoric Music: Is the Birth of the Reader the Birth of the Listener?. Muzikologija 2:263–81.
• Karlin, Fred, et Rayburn Wright. 2004. On the Track: A Guide to Contemporary Film Scoring. Ed 2a. Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 0415941350; ISBN 0415941369.
• Lieberman, David. 2006. Game Enhanced Music Manuscript. In GRAPHITE '06: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and South East Asia, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), November 29–December 2, 2006, ed. Y. T. Lee, Siti Mariyam Shamsuddin, Diego Gutierrez, et Norhaida Mohd Suaib, 245–250. Novi Eboraci: ACM Press. ISBN 1595935649.
• Lotringer, Sylvère. 1998. Duchamp Werden. Crossings: Kunst zum Hören und Sehen: Kunsthalle Wien, 29.5.-13. 9.1998. Catalogus exhibitionis. Ed. Cathrin Pichler, 55-61. Ostfildern bei Stuttgart: Cantz. ISBN 3893224432.
• Maconie, Robin. 2005. Other Planets: The Music of Karlheinz Stockhausen. Lanham Terrae Mariae, Toronti, Oxoniae: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0810853566.
• Meyer-Eppler, Werner. 1957. Statistic and Psychologic Problems of Sound, conv. Alexander Goehr. Die Reihe 1: 55–61. Prima editio, 1955: Statistische und psychologische Klangprobleme, Die Reihe 1: 22–28.
• Müller, Hermann-Christoph. 1994. Zur Theorie und Praxis indeterminierter Musik: Aufführungspraxis zwischen Experiment und Improvisation / vorgelegt von Hermann-Christoph Müller. Cassalae: G. Bosse. ISBN 3764924772.
• Pimmer, Hans. 1997. Würfelkomposition: zeitgenössische Recherche: mit Betrachtungen über die Musik 1799. Monaci: Akademischer Verlag. ISBN 3929115905.
• Prendergast, Mark J. 2000. The Ambient Century: from Mahler to Trance: The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age. Londinii: Bloomsbury. ISBN 0747542139.
• Pritchett, James. 1993. The Music of John Cage. Music in the 20th Century. Cantabrigiae, Novi Eboraci, Melburni: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521416213 (textile); ISBN 0521565448.
• Rae, Charles Bodman. 2001. Lutosławski, Witold (Roman). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Ed. 2a, ed. Stanley Sadie et John Tyrrell. Londinii: Macmillan Publishers.
• Randel, Don Michael. 2002. The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians. ISBN 0674009789.
• Roig-Francolí, Miguel A. 2008. Understanding Post-Tonal Music. Bostoniae: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 007293624X.
• Rosner, Arnold, et Vance Wolverton. 2001. Hovhaness [Hovaness], Alan [Chakmakjian, Alan Hovhaness]. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Ed. 2a, ed. Stanley Sadie et John Tyrrell. Londinii: Macmillan Publishers.
• Stone, Susan. 2005. The Barrons: Forgotten Pioneers of Electronic Music. NPR Music, 7 Februarii.
• Wölfflin, Heinrich. 1915. Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe: das Problem der Stilentwicklung in der neueren Kunst. Monaci: F. Bruckmann.
• Wölfflin, Heinrich. 1932. Principles of Art History: The Problem of the Development of Style in Later Art. Textus ex septima editione Theodisca (1929) a Marie D. Hottinger conversus. Londinii: G. Bell and Sons, Ltd. Reimpressus Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications, 1950.

Nexus externi

• "John Cage's Indeterminacy."
• "Mozart's Musikalisches Würfelspiel." Interretiale ludi Mozartiani genus.
• Pellicula instrumenti musici aleatorii.