Surā
Surā, litteris devanagari सुरा, fuit temetum in India antiqua ex hordeo sive oryza sive aliis materiis confectum. Rarissime in Rigveda, interdum in libris medicis commemoratur. Surā et hodie in Himācala Pradeśa Indiae septentrionalis ex Eleusine coracana producitur.
Hymno deis gemellis Asvinis(en), in libro primo Rigvedae, donum alimentorum plurum, inter quae surā, celebratur:
- युवं नरा स्तुवते पज्रियाय कक्षीवते अरदतं पुरंधिम् । कारोतराच्छफादश्वस्य वृष्णः शतं कुम्भाँ असिञ्चतं सुरायाः ॥७॥
- हिमेनाग्निं घ्रंसमवारयेथां पितुमतीमूर्जमस्मा अधत्तम् । ऋबीसे अत्रिमश्विनावनीतमुन्निन्यथुः सर्वगणं स्वस्ति ॥८॥
- परावतं नासत्यानुदेथामुच्चाबुध्नं चक्रथुर्जिह्मबारम् । क्षरन्नापो न पायनाय राये सहस्राय तृष्यते गोतमस्य ॥९॥
("Vos, viri! Kakshívanti(en), Pajrae filio, vos laudanti, dedistis variam scientiam: e colo velut, ex ungula equi admissarii centum vasa effudistis vini [i.e. surā]. Frigida aqua ignem flammantem restinxistis; cibo praeditum vigorem illi Atri largiti estis, Asvini! Atrim in obscurum carcerem abductum eduxistis ad omnigenam salutem. Veraces! puteum sustulistis, sursum verso fundamento praeditum eum fecistis, praecipiti aditu praeditum; et emanarunt aquae ad bibendum, opulentiam millenariam conferentes sitienti Gotamae").[1] Alibi in hymnis huius collectionis suram hominum seductricem sicut iram aleasque obtrectatur,[2] in Atharvaveda sicut aleas carnivoracitatemque;[3] alibi etiam tumultuosa dicitur.[4] Ut Graeci Romanique vinum, Indi antiqui suram in culleis tenuebant.[5]
De paratione surae antiquae pauca in textibus antiquis legi possunt. E duobus carminibus recensionis Paippalāda libri classici Atharvavedae, recenter divulgatae,[6] proponitur surā potionem destillatam fuisse.[7] Sura autem hodierna, sicut zythum antiquorum Aegyptiorum et boza hodierna Levantina, e panibus miliaceis semicoctis, concisis, fermentatis conficitur.[8]
Notae
recensere- ↑ Rigveda 1.116.7-9; versio Latina: F. A. Rosen, Rigveda-Sanhita: liber primus (1838) pp. 242-243
- ↑ Rigveda 7.86.6
- ↑ Atharvaveda 6.70.1
- ↑ Rigveda 8.2.12, 8.21.14
- ↑ Rigveda 1.191.10; Pañcaviṃśa brāḥmaṇa 14.11.26
- ↑ Dipak Bhattacharya, ed., The Paippalada-Samhita of the Atharvaveda (vol. 1. Calcuttae: Asiatic Society, 1997)
- ↑ Oort (2002)
- ↑ Thakur et al. (2015)
Bibliographia
recensere- F. R. Allchin, "India, the Ancient Home of Distillation?" in Man n.s. vol. 14 (1979) pp. 55-63 JSTOR
- Madhavi Bhaskar Kolhatkar, Surā the Liquor and the Vedic Sacrifice. Novi Dellii: DK, 1999 recensio huius operis per JSTOR
- "Surā" in A. A. Macdonell, A. B. Keith, Vedic index of names and subjects vol. 2 (Londinii: Murray, 1912) pp. 458-459
- "Surā" in G. J. Meulenbeld, interpr., The Mādhavanidāna and its chief commentary: chapters 1-10 (Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 1974) pp. 514-516
- Rajendralala Mitra, "Spirituous Drinks in Ancient India" in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal vol. 42 (1873) pp. 1-23
- Marianne S. Oort, "Surā in the Paippalāda Saṃhitā of the Atharvaveda" in Journal of the American Oriental Society vol. 122 (2002) pp. 355-360 JSTOR
- Om Prakash, Economy and food in ancient India. Part 2: Food. Dellii: Bharatiya Vidya, 1987; 1a ed., titulo Food and drinks in ancient India (1961) pp. 24-25, 43-44 et passim
- Nand Lal Singh et al., "Alcoholic fermentation techniques in early Indian tradition" in Indian Journal of History of Science vol. 45 (2010) pp. 163-173
- Navdeep Thakur, Savitri, Tek Chand Bhalla, "Characterization of some traditional fermented foods and beverages of Himachal Pradesh" in Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge vol. 3 (2004) pp. 325-335
- Navdeep Thakur, Savitri, Tek Chand Bhalla, "Microbiological and biochemical characterization of experimentally produced Sura-a traditional fermented millet based alcoholic beverage of Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh, India" in International Journal of Food Fermentation Technology vol. 5 (2015) pp. 129-135
- Heinrich Zimmer, Altindisches Leben (Berolini: Weidmann, 1879) pp. 280-282
Nexus externi
recensere- Pankaj Goyal, "Traditional Fermentation Technology" apud History of Indian Science and Technology