Methodus scientifica

Methodus scientifica est via disquisitionis scientificae cognitionem doctrinamque meliora intellegendi empiricus sive experimentis nexus. Progressus discendi primum quaelibet theoria excogitavisse oportet.

Methodus scientifica: Cognitionis progessus theoriam formasse oportet.

Generaliter dictum methodus ex partibus quattuor constitus est:

1. Formatio hypothesis vel theoriae
2. Formulatio praedictionis in usu
3. Perfectio experientiae vel experimenti
4. Observatio et comparatio cum theoria

Iam Alhazenus methodum scientificam adhibebat. Anno 1637, Renato Cartesio notionem methodi tribuit. Hodierno sane notio methodi scientificae saeculo 20 convocata est.

Historia

Iam Alhazenus (965–1040) methodum scientificam in opera de optica applicabat. Ab anno 1637 notionem "methodi" cum Renato Cartesio (1596–1650) coniunctum est, quo Cartesius opus suum "methodi decursus" divulgavit. Notio "methodi scientificae" demum saeculo 20 composita est.

• 

  Alhazenus, qui rationem scientificam in opera sua applicabat.

• 

  Renatus Cartesius notionem rationis scientificae fundavit.

Bibliographia

• Born, Max (1949), Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance, Peter Smith , etiam a Dover anno 1964 prolatus. Ex acroasibus Waynflete, 1948. Textus interretialis, ubi tria addenda a Born annis 1950 et 1964 addita.
• Brody, Thomas A. (1993), Luis de la Peña; Peter E. Hodgson, eds., The Philosophy Behind Physics, Berolini et Novi Eboraci: Springer Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-55914-8 .
• Bruno, Leonard C. (1989), The Landmarks of Science, ISBN 978-0-8160-2137-6 
• Bynum, W. F.; Porter, Roy (2005), Oxford Dictionary of Scientific Quotations, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-858409-4 .
• Cartesius, Renatus. 1637. Discours de la méthode: Pour bien conduire sa raison, et chercher la vérité dans les sciences. (Rationis decursus: ut ratio propria bene conducatur, et veritas inter scientias quaeratur.) (Francogallice)
• Cowles, Henry M. (2020), The Scientific Method: An Evolution of Thinking from Darwin to Dewey, Cantabrigiae in Massachusetta: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674976191 
  • Reviewed in: Formula:Cite magazine
• Dales, Richard C. (1973), The Scientific Achievement of the Middle Ages (The Middle Ages Series), University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0-8122-1057-6 
• Dewey, John (1910), How we think, Boston: D. C. Heath and Company 
• di Francia, G. Toraldo (1981), The Investigation of the Physical World, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29925-1 .
• Einstein, Albert; Infeld, Leopold (1938), The Evolution of Physics: from early concepts to relativity and quanta, Novi Eboraci: Simon and Schuster, ISBN 978-0-671-20156-2 
• Feynman, Richard (1965), The Character of Physical Law, Cantabrigiae in Massachusetta: M.I.T. Press, ISBN 978-0-262-56003-0 .
• Fleck, Ludwik (1979), Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, University of Chicago, ISBN 978-0-226-25325-1 . English translation by Thaddeus J. Trenn and Fred Bradley, 1979 Edited by Thaddeus J. Trenn and Robert K. Merton. Foreword by Robert K. Merton
• Galileo Galilei (1638), Discorsi e Dimonstrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuoue scienze, Lugduni Batavorum: House of Elzevir .
  • Englist translation: Galileo Galilei (2003). Dialogues concerning two new sciences (reprint ed.). Novi Eboraci: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-60099-4  Et vide Bruno 1989: 261–264.
• Gauch, Hugh G. Jr. (2003), Scientific Method in Practice, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-01708-4 
• Glen, William, ed. (1994), The Mass-Extinction Debates: How Science Works in a Crisis, Stanfordiae: Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-2285-8 .
• Godfrey-Smith, Peter (2003), Theory and Reality: An introduction to the philosophy of science, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-30063-4 .
• Goldhaber, Alfred Scharff; Nieto, Michael Martin (IIanuarius–Martius 2010), "Photon and graviton mass limits", Review Mod. Phys. 82 (1): 939–979, arXiv:0809.1003 
• Hockney, David (2006), Secret Knowledge: rediscovering the lost techniques of the old masters (expanded ed.), ISBN 0-14-200512-6 
• Jevons, William Stanley (1874), The Principles of Science: A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method, Dover Publications, ISBN 978-1-4304-8775-3 .
• Judson, Horace Freeland (1979), The Eighth Day of Creation, ISBN 0-671-22540-5 
• Kuhn, Thomas S. (1961), "The Function of Measurement in Modern Physical Science", ISIS 52 (2): 161–193  JSTOR.
• Lakatos, Imre (1976), John Worrall; Elie Zahar, eds., Proofs and Refutations, Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29038-8 
• Lindberg, David C. (2007), The Beginnings of Western Science, University of Chicago Press  Ed.secunda.
• Mackay, Alan L., ed. (1991), Dictionary of Scientific Quotations, London: IOP Publishing Ltd, ISBN 978-0-7503-0106-0 
• McCarty, Maclyn (1985), The Transforming Principle: Discovering that genes are made of DNA, Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-30450-3 .
• McElheny, Victor K. (2004), Watson & DNA: Making a scientific revolution, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-7382-0866-4 .
• The Autobiography of Science (secunda ed.), Doubleday, 1960 .
• Needham, Joseph; Wang, Ling (王玲) (1954), Science and Civilisation in China Vol. 1: Introductory Orientations, Cambridge University Press 
• Newton, Isaac (1999), Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-08817-7 . Ed. tertia. E textu ab I. Bernard Cohen et Anne Whitman anno 1999 converso.
• Ørsted, Hans Christian (1997), Selected Scientific Works of Hans Christian Ørsted, Princeton, ISBN 978-0-691-04334-0 .<1--
• Peirce, C. S. – vide Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography.-->
• Poincaré, Henri (1905), Science and Hypothesis, Londinii: Walter Scott Publishing .
• Pólya, George (1957), How to Solve It (secunda ed.), Princeton University Press 
• Popper, Karl R. (1959), The Logic of Scientific Discovery (English ed.) .
• Popper, Karl R. (1963), Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-28594-1 .
• Popper, Karl R. (2005), The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Taylor & Francis e-Library, ISBN 0-203-99462-0 .
• Sambursky, Shmuel, ed. (1975), Physical Thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists, Pica Press, ISBN 978-0-87663-712-8 .
  • Iudicium de libro expressum in Hoffmann, Banesh (1976), "'Because it's there': Man's struggle to understand Nature", Physics Today 29 (2): 51–53 .
• That Nothing is Known (Quod nihil scitur), Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 978-0-521-35077-8  Editio critica.
• Smith, A. Mark (2001). "Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's "De aspectibus", the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's "Kitāb al-Manāẓir": Volume One". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 91 (4): 1–337 
• Smith, A. Mark (2001). "Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's "De aspectibus", the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's "Kitāb al-Manāẓir": Volume Two". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 91 (5): 339–819 
• Smith, A. Mark (2010). "Alhacen on Refraction: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of Book 7 of Alhacen's De Aspectibus. Volume One: Introduction and Latin Text. Volume Two: English Translation". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 100 (3) 
• Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (2007), The Black Swan, Random House, ISBN 978-1-4000-6351-2 
• Voelkel, James R. (2001), Johannes Kepler and the New Astronomy, Oxford University Press 
• Watson, James D. (1968), The Double Helix, Novi Eboraci: Atheneum .

Nexus interni

• Experimentum
• Historia scientiae
• Laboratorium
• Lex scientifica
• Methodologia
• Scientia (ratio)

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad rationem scientificam spectant.

• De ratione scientifica