Manihot esculenta

Manihot esculenta (binomen a Henrico Ioanne Nepomuk de Crantz anno 1766 statutum) sive vulgo mandioca vel iucca^[1] est radix esculenta plantae familiae Euphorbiacearum.

Folia Manihot esculenta

Plantae — Angiospermae

Eudicotyledones
Rosidae
Ordo : Malpighiales
Familia : Euphorbiaceae
Subfamilia : Crotonoideae
Tribus : Manihoteae
Genus : Manihot
Species : M. esculenta

Manihot esculenta
Crantz

Synonyma

*Janipha aipi (Pohl) J. Presl

Janipha manihot (L.) Kunth
Jatropha aipi (Pohl) A. Moller
Jatropha diffusa (Pohl) Steud.
Jatropha digitiformis (Pohl) Steud.
Jatropha dulcis J. F. Gmel.
Jatropha flabellifolia (Pohl) Steud.
Jatropha glauca A. Rich. nom. illeg.
Jatropha janipha Lour. nom. illeg.
Jatropha loureiroi (Pohl) Steud.
Jatropha manihot L.
Jatropha mitis Rottb.
Jatropha mitis Sessé & Moc. nom. illeg.
Jatropha paniculata Ruiz & Pav. ex Pax
Jatropha silvestris Vell.
Jatropha stipulata Vell.
Mandioca aipi (Pohl) Link
Mandioca dulcis (J. F. Gmel.) D. Parodi
Mandioca utilissima (Pohl) Link
Manihot aipi Pohl
Manihot aypi Spruce
Manihot cannabina Sweet
Manihot cassava Cook & Collins nom. inval.
Manihot diffusa Pohl
Manihot digitiformis Pohl
Manihot dulcis (J. F. Gmel.) Pax
Manihot dulcis (J. F. Gmel.) Baill.
Manihot edule A. Rich.
Manihot edulis A. Rich.
Manihot flabellifolia Pohl
Manihot flexuosa Pax & K. Hoffm.
Manihot guyanensis Klotzsch ex Pax nom. illeg.
Manihot loureiroi Pohl
Manihot manihot (L.) H. Karst. nom. inval.
Manihot melanobasis Müll. Arg.
Manihot sprucei Pax
Manihot utilissima Pohl

Loci

Mandiocae cumulus radicum esculentarum.

1516: Petri Martyris De orbe novo decades

"Et qui primi iucca vescebantur cruda, breui peribant. Cum esset eius gustus suauus, decreuerunt diuersis exeperiri modis pertinaciter eius Vsum. Assa elixáque minus nocebat. Deuenêre tandem tandem ad agnitionem veneni, succo letentis. & eò modò exiccata conditàque & deductá in cazabys panem præbet stomachis humanis triticeo saniorem, quod aptior sit digestioni." (3:9, p. 162)

1586: Lerii Historia navigationis in Brasiliam

"Duorum generum radices habent, quibus Aypi & Maniot nomina indidere: hæc inter tres quatuorve menses adeo crescunt, vt sint longitudine sesquipedales, femoris crassitudine. Erutas foeminae (neque enim isthaec occupantur viri) igne exsiccatas, Boucano nimirum impositas, nonnumquam etiam recentes acutis silicibus posti infixas atterunt, prout caseum & odoratas nuces corradere solemus, farinamque candidissimam ex ea conficiunt. Tum vero cruda illa farina, atque adeo succus albus, de quo mox, qui ab ea exprimitur recentis & liquidi amyli triticei, aqua diu madefacti, saporem prorsus refert." (Cap. 9, pp. 98-99)

idem apud Theodorum de Bry e pars tertia:

"ARbores ijs in locis incidunt, quo plantationem suam instituere constituerunt, incisas relinquunt ad menses tres, doec exiccentur, hinc igne supposito eas comburunt, & plantant radices medio inter truncos spatio, quibus [?] nomine Mandiocæ vocantur, & nascuntur instar [?], singuli tres radices proferunt. Quando [?] fruticem, & radices decerpunt: caulis autem ramulos abrutos terrae detigunt, ij radices agunt; quæ semestri spatio suucrescentes, [vsuitu?] fas esse possunt Præparantur autem tribus potissimum modis. Primus est, vt super lapidem contritæ in minutissima frustula comminuuntur: & succus exprimatur, quod fit instrumento ex folijs ramorum palmæ parato, cui nomẽ est [Tippiti?]: express… siccantur, post per cribrum transmittuntur, ex farina autem illa liba pinsitant. Instrumẽntum illud in quo farinam torrent & pinsant, ex luto figulino confectum est, forma patine capacioris...." (cap. 40, p. 109)

1589: Maffeii Historiae Indicae:

"Vino ac frumento in hæc vsque tempora caruere, satiua radice victitantes, in farinam redacta, quam mandiocam appellant." (p.40) [1]^{[nexus deficit]}

1601 : Thobias Roelsius in Carolus Clusius, Rariorum plantarum historia (Antverpiae) appendix p. cccxv

Notae

↑ Fontibus Latinis (vide textum) mandioca, maniot, manihot, iucca.

Bibliographia

Fontes antiquiores

1526/1557 : Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdés, Historia general y natural de las Indias, islas y tierra-firme del mar Océano (José Amador de los Rios, ed. 4 voll. Matriti: Real Academia de la Historia, 1851-1855 vol. 1 pp. 268-272)
1557 : Hans Staden, Warhaftige Historia und Beschreibung eyner Landtschafft der wilden, nacketen, grimmigen menschfresser Leuthen in der Newenwelt America gelegen lib. 2 cap. 11; p. 109 versionis Latinae

Eruditio

Charles R. Clement, Michelly de Cristo-Araújo, Geo Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge, Alessandro Alves Pereira, Doriane Picanço-Rodrigues, "Origin and Domestication of Native Amazonian Crops" in Diversity vol. 2 (2010) pp. 72-106.
Charles Roland Clement et al., "Crop domestication in the upper Madeira River basin" in Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciencias Humanas vol. 11 (2016) pp. 193-205
Sophie D. Coe, America's First Cuisines (Austinopoli: University of Texas Press, 1994) pp. 16-18,
Henricus Ioannes Nepomuk de Crantz, Institutiones Rei Herbariae vol. 1 (1766) p. 167.
Guillaume Léotard, Anne Duputié, Finn Kjellberg, Emmanuel J.P. Douzery, Chantal Debain, Jean-Jacques de Granville, Doyle McKey, "Phylogeography and the origin of cassava: new insights from the northern rim of the Amazonian basin" in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution vol. 53 (2009) pp. 329–34,
Kenneth M. Olsen, Barbara A. Schaal, "Evidence on the origin of cassava: Phylogeography of Manihot esculenta" in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 96 (1999) pp. 5586–5591.