Alcidae

Alcidae (a Protogermanico *alkǭ 'avis maritima') sunt familia avium ordinis Charadriiformium, quae genera Uriam, Cepphum, Aethiatis, Fraterculam, Brachyramphum comprehendit. Praeter Pinguinum impennem, omnes alcidae "volare" tam bene in aqua quam in aere insigniter possunt. Egregie natant et urinantur, sed ambulantes inscitae videntur. Nonnullis speciebus sunt varia nomina vulgaria in Europa et America Septentrionali: Uria et Cepphus, Anglice guillemots in Europa, sed murres in America Septentrionali, et Alle ('little auk') dovekie appellatur.

Aethia psittacula

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Animalia — Chordata

Classis : Aves 
Ordo : Charadriiformes 
Familia : Alcidae 
Leach, 1820

   

Palaeontologia

Eocaeno exeunte – Recens 35–0 m.a.: 

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Subdivisiones: Subfamiliae

* Alcinae Leach, 1820

• Fraterculinae Strauch, 1985

Species typica

Alca torda Linnaeus, 1758

Alcidae ab Archibaldo Thorburn pictae.

Alca torda solum in Oceano Atlantico inveniuntur.

Systematica

• Formae basales et incertae sedis
  • Miocepphus (fossile: Miocaenum media
    • Miocepphus mcclungi Wetmore, 1940
    • Miocepphus bohaskai Wijnker and Olson, 2009
    • Miocepphus blowi Wijnker and Olson, 2009
    • Miocepphus mergulellus Wijnker and Olson, 2009
• Subfamilia Alcinae
  • Tribus Alcini

    

    Synthliboramphus hypoleucus admodum distinctus a brachyramphinis est.

    • Uria
      • Uria aalge
      • Uria lomvia
    • Alle
      • Alle alle
    • Pinguinus
      • Pinguinus impennis (exstinctus, circa 1844)
    • Alca
      • Alca torda
  • Tribus Synthliboramphini

    

    Cepphus grylle in plumis aestivis (frons) et hiemalis.

    • Synthliboramphus
      • Synthliboramphus scrippsi – olim in S. hypoleucus
      • Synthliboramphus hypoleucus – aliquando in Endomychura separatus
      • Synthliboramphus craveri – aliquando in Endomychura separatus
      • Synthliboramphus antiquus
      • Synthliboramphus wumizusume
  • Tribus Cepphini

    

    Brachyramphus marmoratus in plumis temporis feturae.

    • Cepphus
      • Cepphus grylle
      • Cepphus columba
        • Cepphus columba snowi
      • Cepphus carbo
  • Tribus Brachyramphini
    • Brachyramphus
      • Brachyramphus marmoratus
      • Brachyramphus perdix
      • Brachyramphus brevirostris
• Subfamilia Fraterculinae
  • Tribus Aethiini

    

    Fratercula cirrhata.

    • Ptychoramphus
      • Ptychoramphus aleuticus
    • Aethia
      • Aethia psittacula
      • Aethia cristatella
      • Aethia pygmaea
      • Aethia pusilla
  • Tribus Fraterculini
    • Cerorhinca
      • Cerorhinca monocerata
    • Fratercula
      • Fratercula arctica
      • Fratercula corniculata
      • Fratercula cirrhata

Nexus interni

• Kiviak, cibus traditionalis Inuit in Groenlandia, ex alcidis in cute pinnipediorum conditus

Bibliographia

• Collinson, Martin. 2006. "Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists." British Birds 99 (6): 306–23. Editio interretialis.
• Friesen, V. L., A. J. Baker, et J. F. Piatt. 1996. "Phylogenetic Relationships Within the Alcidae (Charadriiformes: Aves) Inferred from Total Molecular Evidence." Molecular Biology and Evolution 13 (2): 359–67. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025595. PMID 8587501.
• Gaston, Anthony J., et Ian L. Jones. 1998. The Auks: Alcidae. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854032-9.
• Johnsgard, Paul. Diving Birds of North America.
• Konyukhov, N. B. 2002. "Possible Ways of Spreading and Evolution of Alcids." Biology Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences 29 (5): 447–54. Russice scriptus. doi:10.1023/A:1020457508769.
• Moum, Truls, Ulfur Arnason, et Einar Árnason. 2002 "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Evolution and Phylogeny of the Atlantic Alcidae, Including the Extinct Great Auk (Pinguinus impennis)." Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 (9): 1434–39. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004206. PMID 12200471.
• Paton, T. A., A. J. Baker, J. G. Groth, et G. F. Barrowclough. 2003. "RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29 (2): 268–78. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8. PMID 13678682.
• Smith, N. A. 2011. "Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the flightless Mancallinae (Aves, Pan-Alcidae)." ZooKeys 91: 1–116. doi:10.3897/zookeys.91.709. PMID 21594108. PMC 3084493.
• Strauch J. G., Jr. 1985. "The phylogeny of the Alcidae." The Auk 102 (3): 520–539. JSTOR 4086647. doi:10.1093/auk/102.3.520. PDF.
• Thomas, Gavin H., Matthew A. Wills, et Tamás Székely. 2004. "A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny." BMC Evolutionary Biology 4 (1): 28. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28. PMID 15329156. PMC 515296. Materia supplementaria.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Alcidas spectant.