Linguae Tuaregicae
Linguae Tuaregicae[1] sunt divisio intra linguarum Libycarum familia. Tuaregice loquuntur quattuor milliones hominum ethnous Tuaregicum in magnis partibus Malii, Nigro, Libya et Burcina Fasone, cum paucis locutoribus in Tzadia.
| Linguae Tuaregicae ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵌⴰⵆ / Tamasheq, Tamajaq, Tamahaq | |
|---|---|
| Taxinomia | Series linguarum cognatarum e familia Afrasiatica intra linguas Libycas |
| Locutores | 1 200 000 (1991-1998) |
| Sigla | 1 , 2 tmh, 3 |
| Status publicus | |
| Officialis | Azavadia |
| Privata | Sahara; agnita lingua minoritaria in Malio et Nigro |
| Litterae | |
| Scriptura | Latina, Arabica et Neolibyca |
| Procuratio | — |
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Descriptio
recensereAliae Libycae dialecti valde intellegibiles inter se sunt et aliqui linguistae unam solam linguam considerant (v.gr. secundum Carolus Prasse); distinguitur praecipue pronuntiatio aliquorum sonorum velut z et h. Linguae Tuaregicae multum conservatoriores in aliquibus aspectibus sunt; habent duas breves vocales cum in Septemtrione una aut nulla est et praeterea habent minus arabismos. Traditionaliter scribitur alphabeto proprio Neolibyco sed etiam utitur alphabetis Arabico et Latino quod ultimum est officialis in Malio et Nigro.
Subclassificatio
recensere- Septemtrionales
- Lingua Tamahaquica, lingua Ahaggarensium et Azierum qua utuntur in Algeria et Nigri Septemtrione magnus Saharensium numerus.
- Meridionales
- Lingua Tamasequica, lingua Adaghorum, qua in Malio circiter 270 000 hominum.
- Lingua Aïrensis, lingua Aïrum, qua in Nigro loquuntur circiter 250 000 hominum.
- Lingua Tavallammatica, lingua Vellemindenorum, qua loquuntur in Malio et Nigro circiter 870 000 hominum.
- Lingua Tamasaquica, lingua Asacanorum.
- Syrtice loquentes se Tuaregi identificant, sed lingua Syrtica est Libyca Occidentalis.
Orthographia
recensereLinguae Tuaregicae abecedariis Latino, Arabico aut Neolibyco scribi possunt. Maliensis Directio Nationalis Alphabetizationis Functionalis et Linguisticae Applicatae sive DNAFLA (Francice; Direction Nationale de l'Alphabétisation Fonctionelle et de la Linguistique Appliquée) archetypum alphabeto Latino statuit, quod est in usu cum modificationibus in "Lexico" Prasseano et in programmate alphabetizationis Burcinae, dum in Nigro dissimile systema est in usu. Est etiam aliquae variatio in Neolibyca et in Arabica scriptura.
Scriptura Arabica praesertim in usu est inter tribus involutas in Islamicam disciplinam et paulum cognoscitur de eius conventionibus.
Alphabeti Neolibyci usus praecipue ad magicarum formularum scripturam restringitur, quae scribuntur in palmis cum silentium requiritur, et nuperrime ad epistulas scribendas.
| DNAFLA (Maliense) |
Nigerense | Neolibycum | Arabicum |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | ||
| â | |||
| ă | ă | ||
| ǝ | ǝ | ||
| b | b |  |
ب |
| (ḅ) | |||
| c | |||
| d | d |  |
د |
| ḍ | ḍ |  |
ض |
| e | e | ||
| ê | |||
| f | f |  |
ف |
| g | g |  |
|
| i | i | ||
| î | |||
| j | j |  |
چ |
| ǰ | |||
| ɣ | ɣ |  |
غ |
| h | h |  |
ه |
| k | k |  |
ک |
| l | l |  |
ل |
| ḷ | ḷ | ||
| m | m |  |
م |
| n | n |  |
ن |
| ŋ | ŋ | ||
| o | o | ||
| ô | |||
| q | q |   |
ق |
| r | r |  |
ر |
| s | s |  |
س |
| ṣ | ṣ |  |
ص |
| š (ʃ) | š |  |
ش |
| t | t |  |
ت |
| ṭ | ṭ |  |
ط |
| u | u | ||
| û | |||
| w | w |  |
و |
| x | x |  |
خ |
| y | y |   |
ي |
| z | z |   |
ز |
| ẓ | ẓ |  |
ظ |
| ž (ʒ) | ǧ |  |
ج |
| ḥ | |
ح | |
| (ʕ) |  |
ع |
Notae
recensere
Bibliographia
recensere- Bougchiche, Lamara. (1997) Langues et litteratures berberes des origines a nos jours. Bibliographie internationale et sytematique. Paris: Ibis Press.
- Chaker, Salem, ed. (1988) Etudes touaregues. Bilan des recherches en sciences sociales. Travaux et Documents de i.R.E.M.A.M. no. 5. Aix-en-Provence: IREMAM / LAPMO.
- Leupen, A.H.A. (1978) Bibliographie des populations touaregues: Sahara et Soudan centraux. Leiden: Afrika Studiecentrum.
- Christiansen, Niels and Regula. 2002. Some verb morphology features of Tadaksahak . SIL Electronic Working Papers 2002-005. Dallas: SIL International. Online. URL: http://www.sil.org/silewp/abstract.asp?ref=2002-005.
- Heath, Jeffrey (2005). A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 745. ISBN 3110184842
- Sudlow, David. (2001). The Tamasheq of North-East Burkina Faso. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
Dictionaria
recensere
- Charles de Foucauld (1951–1952) Dictionnaire touareg–francais. 4 vol. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale de France. [posthumous facsimile publication (author dec. 1916); dialect of Hoggar, southern Algeria]
- Jeffrey Heath (2006) Dictionnaire tamachek–anglais–français. Paris: Karthala. [covers dialects of northern Mali]
- Motylinski, A. (1908). Grammaire, dialogues et dictionnaire touaregs. Alger: P. Fontana.
- Prasse, Karl G., Alojaly, Ghoubeid, and Mohamed, Ghabdouane (2003) Dictionnaire touareg–francais (Niger). 2nd edition revised; 2 vol. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen. [1st edition 1998; covers two dialects of the northern Republic of Niger]
Grammaticae
recensere- Christiansen, Niels, and Regula. "Some verb morphology features of Tadaksahak ." SIL Electronic Working Papers. 2002. SIL International. 2 December 2007 <http://www.sil.org/silewp/yearindex.asp?year=2002>.
- Hanoteau, A. (1896) Essai de grammaire de la langue tamachek' : renfermant les principes du langage parlé par les Imouchar' ou Touareg. Alger: A. Jourdan.
- Galand, Lionel. (1974) 'Introduction grammaticale'. In: Petites Soeurs de Jesus, Contes touaregs de l'Air (Paris: SELAF), pp. 15–41.
- Heath, Jeffrey. 2005. Grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali). (Mouton Grammar Series.) the Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Prasse, Karl G. (1973) Manuel de grammaire touaregue (tahaggart). 4 vol. Copenhagen.
- Sudlow, David. (2001). The Tamasheq of North-East Burkina Faso. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
Textus
recensere- Ag Erless, Mohamed (1999) "Il ný a qu'un soleil sur terre". Contes, proverbes et devinettes des Touaregs Kel-Adagh. Aix-en-Provence: IREMAM.
- Aghali-Zakara, Mohamed & Jeannine Drouin (1979) Traditions touarègues nigériennes. Paris: L'Harmattan.
- Albaka, Moussa & Dominique Casajus (1992) Poésies et chant touaregs de l'Ayr. Tandis qu'ils dorment tous, je dis mon chant d'amour. Paris: L'Harmattan.
- Alojaly, Ghoubeïd (1975) Ǎttarikh ən-Kəl-Dənnəg – Histoire des Kel-Denneg. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
- Casajus, Dominique (1985) Peau d'Âne et autres contes touaregs. Paris: L'Harmattan.
- Chaker, Salem & Jélène Claudot & Marceau Gast, eds. (1984) Textes touaregs en prose de Charles de Foucaould et. A. de Calassanto-Motylinski. Aix-en-Provence: Édisud.
- Chants touaregs. Recueillis et traduits par Charles de Foucauld. Paris, Albin Michel, 1997
- Foucauld, Charles de (1925) Poésies touarègues. Dialecte de l'Ahaggar. Paris: Leroux.
- Lettres au marabout. Messages touaregs au Père de Foucauld. Paris, Belin, 1999
- Heath, Jeffrey (2005) Tamashek Texts from Timbuktu and Kidal. Berber Linguistics Series. Cologne: Koeppe Verlag
- Louali-Raynal, Naïma & Nadine Decourt & Ramada Elghamis (1997) Littérature orale touarègue. Contes et proverbes. Paris: L'Harmattan.
- Mohamed, Ghabdouane & Karl-G. Prasse (1989) Poèmes touaréges de l'Ayr. 2 vol. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
- Mohamed, Ghabdouane & Karl-G. Prasse (2003) əlqissǎt ən-təməddurt-in – Le récit de ma vie. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
- Nicolaisen, Johannes, and Ida Nicolaisen. The Pastoral Tuareg: Ecology, Culture, and Society. Vol. 1,2. New York: Thames and Hudson, Inc, 1997. 2 vols.
- Nicolas, Francis (1944) Folklore Twareg. Poésies et Chansons de l'Azawarh. BIFAN VI, 1-4, p. 1-463.