Tombutum

Tombutum^[1]^[2], aut Tombuctum,^{[fons nominis desideratus]} vulgo Timbuktu et Tumbutu, est urbs circiter 36 000 incolarum, saeculo XII condita et per multa saecula famosa, in parte ad orientem versa civitatis Malii sita. Urbs, quae in oase in deserta regione sita est, quinque chiliometra a flumine Nigro distat.

Hic temporibus mediaevalibus Madrasa Sankuri cum meschitis aliis duabus scholam superiorem late celebram constituebant.

Notae

↑ Leo Africanus, Africae descriptio Textus
↑ "Tombutum" in Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus, Lexicon universale (1698) ~

Bibliographia

Sékéné Mody Cissoko, "L'intelligentsia de Tombouctou aux 15e et 16e siècles" in Présence africaine no. 72 (1969) pp. 48-72
John O. Hunwick, interpr., Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʻdī's Taʼrīkh Al-Sūdān Down to 1613 and Other Contemporary Documents. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 1999 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
John O. Hunwick, Alida Jay Boye, The hidden treasures of Timbuktu: historic city of Islamic Africa. Londinii: Thames & Hudson, 2008
R. J. McIntosh, S. K. McIntosh, "Archaeological reconnaissance in the region of Timbuktu, Mali" in National Geographic Research vol. 2 (1986) pp. 302-19
Ruth Maclean, "Islamists banned their music. Now Timbuktu is singing again" in The Guardian (18 Ianuarii 2018)
Elias N. Saad, Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables, 1400-1900. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1983 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
Alex Duval Smith, "Life in Timbuktu: how the ancient city of gold is slowly turning to dust" in The Guardian (16 Septembris 2014)
Jean-Louis Triaud, Islam et sociétés soudanaises au Moyen-Âge: Étude historique. Lutetiae, 1973 (Études voltaïques, vol. 16)