Embryophyta

Embryophyta^[1] sunt subdivisio plantarum muscos, hepaticas, anthocerotes, Horneophytopsida et plantas vasculares (seu Tracheophyta) continens.^[2] Cum maxima pars Embryophytorum in terris vivat, reliquarum plantarum vero, e contra, in aquis, in multis linguis pro Embryophytis nomen plantarum terrestrium (Anglice: land plants, Francogallice: plantes terrestres) simpliciter, etiamsi minus accurate usurpatur.^[3] Apud nonnullos auctores autem nomen plantarum ad sola Embryophyta restringitur.^[4]

Locus in systemate plantarum

Embryophyta saepius tamquam infraregnum^[5] habentur, pars subregni Viridiplantarum, quarum altera pars, inter algas connumerata, Chlorophyta nuncupatur.^[2] Appellatio antiquissima harum plantarum est Cormophyta^[6] (a Graeco κορμός, truncus), sed nomen Embryophytorum frequentius in usu est. Est et aliud synonymum, Telomophyta nempe, ad theoriam Zimmermannianam evolutionis plantarum se referens.^[7]

In aliis autem systematibus Embryophyta et Charophyceae partes Streptophytorum sunt,^[8] vel Embryophyta (Embryobionta) et Charophyta omnia Streptobiontorum.^[3]

Descriptio

Embryophyta a reliquis plantis differunt praesertim:

sporophytis multicellularibus per meiosin sporas cum parietibus sporopollenino incrustatis producentibus;
gametangiis (structuris ubi gametae originem ducuntur) multicellularibus, archegoniis nempe et antheridiis;
zygoto retento nutritoque (tamquam embryo, unde et nomen) in archegonio.^[9]

Evolutio

Fossilia corporum Embryophytorum antiquissimorum desunt, unde et origo eorum de sporis agnoscitur. A palynologis monstratur spores periodo Ordovicii medii mutatas esse, maiores nempe factas esse, formasque earum magis regulares, quod pro testimonio originis Embryophytorum illo tempore habetur.^[10] Embryophytum vero antiquissimum bene cognitum (cuius scilicet corpus bene recognoscitur), Cooksonia, Silurio vixit.^[11]

Embryophyta dividi possunt in Bryophyta sensu lato, quorum sporophytum sporangium unicum semper habet, atque Polysporangiophyta, sporophytis ramificatis. Polysporangiophyta Silurio apparuisse putantur.^[12]

Numerus hodiernarum specierum Embryophytorum circiter 330 000 est, e quibus 308 000 angiospermarum.^[13]

Notae

↑ Engler, A. (1892) Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik: Eine Uebersicht über das ganze Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen. Berolini: Gebr. Borntraeger.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1998) A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews, 73 (3): 203–266.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kenrick, Paulus & Crane, Petrus R. (1997) The origin and early diversification of land plants. A cladistic study. Vasingtoniae et Londini: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-729-4
↑ Margulis, Lynn (1971) Whittaker's Five Kingdoms of Organisms: Minor Revisions Suggested by Considerations of the Origin of Mitosis. Evolution, 25 (1): 242–245. [Textus apud JSTOR]
↑ Aubert, Damianus (2017) Classer le vivant : Les perspectives de la systématique évolutionniste moderne. Ellipses. ISBN 9782340017733
↑ Endlicher, Stephanus (1836–1840) Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita. Vindobonae: Fr. Beck.
↑ Zimmermann, Walterus (1965) Die Telomtheorie (= Fortschritte der Evolutionsforschung 1). Stuttgartiae: G. Fischer.
↑ Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnov, A. & Spiegel, F.W. (2012). The revised classification of Eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–514.
↑ Niklas, Carolus J. & Kutschera, Ulricus (2009) The evolution of the land plant life cycle. New Phytologist, 185: 27–41.
↑ Strother, Paulus K. & Taylor, Wilson A. (2018) The evolutionary origin of the plant spore in relation to the antithetic origin of the plant sporophyte. In: Krings, Michael, Harper, Carla J., Cuneo, Nestor Ruban & Rothwell, Gar R. (editores), Transformative Paleobotany. Papers to commemorate the life and legacy of Thomas N. Taylor, pp. 3–20. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-813012-4
↑ Edwards, D. & Feehan, J. (1980) Records of Cooksonia-type sporangia from late Wenlock strata in Ireland. Nature, 287 (5777): 41–42.
↑ Harrison C.J. & Morris J.L. (2017) The origin and early evolution of vascular plantshoots and leaves. Philosophical Transanctions of the Royal Society, B, 373: 20160496. [Textus apud ResearchGate]
↑ Christenhusz, Martinus & Byng, Iacobus W. (2016) The number of known plant species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa, 261 (3): 201–217. [Textus apud ResearchGate]

[1] Engler, A. (1892) Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik: Eine Uebersicht über das ganze Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen. Berolini: Gebr. Borntraeger.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1998) A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews, 73 (3): 203–266.

[:1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kenrick, Paulus & Crane, Petrus R. (1997) The origin and early diversification of land plants. A cladistic study. Vasingtoniae et Londini: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-729-4

[4] Margulis, Lynn (1971) Whittaker's Five Kingdoms of Organisms: Minor Revisions Suggested by Considerations of the Origin of Mitosis. Evolution, 25 (1): 242–245. [Textus apud JSTOR]

[5] Aubert, Damianus (2017) Classer le vivant : Les perspectives de la systématique évolutionniste moderne. Ellipses. ISBN 9782340017733

[6] Endlicher, Stephanus (1836–1840) Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita. Vindobonae: Fr. Beck.

[7] Zimmermann, Walterus (1965) Die Telomtheorie (= Fortschritte der Evolutionsforschung 1). Stuttgartiae: G. Fischer.

[8] Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnov, A. & Spiegel, F.W. (2012). The revised classification of Eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–514.

[9] Niklas, Carolus J. & Kutschera, Ulricus (2009) The evolution of the land plant life cycle. New Phytologist, 185: 27–41.

[10] Strother, Paulus K. & Taylor, Wilson A. (2018) The evolutionary origin of the plant spore in relation to the antithetic origin of the plant sporophyte. In: Krings, Michael, Harper, Carla J., Cuneo, Nestor Ruban & Rothwell, Gar R. (editores), Transformative Paleobotany. Papers to commemorate the life and legacy of Thomas N. Taylor, pp. 3–20. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-813012-4

[11] Edwards, D. & Feehan, J. (1980) Records of Cooksonia-type sporangia from late Wenlock strata in Ireland. Nature, 287 (5777): 41–42.

[12] Harrison C.J. & Morris J.L. (2017) The origin and early evolution of vascular plantshoots and leaves. Philosophical Transanctions of the Royal Society, B, 373: 20160496. [Textus apud ResearchGate]

[13] Christenhusz, Martinus & Byng, Iacobus W. (2016) The number of known plant species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa, 261 (3): 201–217. [Textus apud ResearchGate]

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