Disputatio:Cultus humanus
- This is a hard one. The English page is about 'civilizations' as geographically and historically distinct groups. Neither humanitas nor urbanitas nor cultus fits entirely. Maybe Cultus humanus (Cicero has homines a fera agrestique vita ad hunc humanum cultum civilemque deducere) or Cultura (Horace ep. 1.1.40).--Ceylon 12:10, 13 Aprilis 2008 (UTC)
- THe Redmond Glossarium gives: "civilization : humanus cultus, cultus humanus civilisque, humanitas; civilis cultus; vitae cultus" So it appears Cultus humanus is best.--Rafaelgarcia 05:09, 20 Aprilis 2008 (UTC)
- Eventually it was created under Civilizatio.--Rafaelgarcia 00:17, 14 Augusti 2009 (UTC)
- THe Redmond Glossarium gives: "civilization : humanus cultus, cultus humanus civilisque, humanitas; civilis cultus; vitae cultus" So it appears Cultus humanus is best.--Rafaelgarcia 05:09, 20 Aprilis 2008 (UTC)
De re etymologica et semantica
recensereHanc expositionem, mea mente utilem, e libro Raymond Williams, Keywords dempsi. Verba Latina litteris pinguibus distinxi. Utile est insuper lexicon auxiliare Ioannis del Col: quaerere licet "civilización", "civilizar", "ciudad", "cultura", "estado". Andrew Dalby (disputatio) 08:42, 16 Octobris 2020 (UTC)
CITY
City has existed in English since C13, but its distinctive modern use to indicate a large or very large town, and its consequent use to distinguish urban areas from rural areas or country, date from C16. The later indication and distinction are obviously related to the increasing importance of urban life from C16 onwards, but until C19 this was often specialized to the capital city, London. The more general use corresponds to the rapid development of urban living during the Industrial Revolution, which made England by mC19 the first society in the history of the world in which a majority of the population lived in towns.
City is derived from fw cite, oF, nv civitas, L. But civitas was not city in the modern sense; that was urbs, L. Civitas was the general noun derived from civis, L - citizen, which is nearer our modern sense of a \u2018national\u2019. Civitas was then the body of citizens rather than a particular settlement or type of settlement. It was so applied by Roman writers to the tribes of Gaul. In a long and complicated development civitas and the words derived from it became specialized to the chief town of such a state, and in ecclesiastical use to the cathedral town. The earlier English words had been borough, fw burh, oE and town, fw tun, oE. Town developed from its original sense of an enclosure or yard to a group of buildings in such an enclosure (as which it survives in some modern village and village-division names) to the beginnings of its modern sense in C13. Borough and city became often interchangeable, and there are various legal distinctions between them in different periods and types of medieval and post-medieval government. One such distinction of city, from C16, was the presence of a cathedral, and this is still residually though now wrongly asserted. When city began to be distinguished from town in terms of size, mainly from C19 but with precedents in relation to the predominance of London from C16, each was still administratively a borough, and this word became specialized to a form of local government or administration. From C13 city became in any case a more dignifying word than town\u2019, it was often thus used of Biblical villages, or to indicate an ideal or significant settlement. More generally, by C16 city was in regular use for London, and in C17 city and country contrasts were very common. City in the specialized sense of a financial and commercial centre, derived from actual location in the City of London, was widely used from eC18, when this financial and commercial activity notably expanded.
The city as a really distinctive order of settlement, implying a whole different way of life, is not fully established, with its modern implications, until eC19, though the idea has a very long history, from Renaissance and even Classical thought. The modern emphasis can be traced in the word, in the increasing abstraction of city as an adjective from particular places or particular administrative forms, and in the increasing generalization of descriptions of large-scale modern urban living. The modern city of millions of inhabitants is thus generally if indefinitely distinguished from several kinds of city - cf. cathedral city, university city, provincial city ...
CIVILIZATION
Civilization is now generally used to describe an achieved state or condition of organized social life. Like CULTURE (q.v.) with which it has had a long and still difficult interaction, it referred originally to a process, and in some contexts this sense still survives.
Civilization was preceded in English by civilize, which appeared in eC17, from C16 civiliser, F, fw civilizare, mL - to make a criminal matter into a civil matter, and thence, by extension, to bring within a form of social organization. The rw is civil from civilis, L - of or belonging to citizens, from civis, L - citizen. Civil was thus used in English from C14, and by C16 had acquired the extended senses of orderly and educated. Hooker in 1594 wrote of \u2018Civil Society\u2019 - a phrase that was to become central in C17 and especially C18 - but the main development towards description of an ordered society was civility, fw civilitas, mL - community. Civility was often used in C17 and C18 where we would now expect civilization, and as late as 1772 Boswell, visiting Johnson, \u2018found him busy, preparing a fourth edition of his folio Dictionary ... He would not admit civilization, but only civility. With great deference to him, I thought civilization, from to civilize, better in the sense opposed to barbarity, than civility,, Boswell had correctly identified the main use that was coming through, which emphasized not so much a process as a state of social order and refinement, especially in conscious historical or cultural contrast with barbarism. Civilization appeared in Ash\u2019s dictionary of 1775, to indicate both the state and the process. By 1C18 and then very markedly in C19 it became common ...
CULTURE