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[[Fasciculus:Redshift.svg|thumb|Lineae spectrales in [[spectrum visuale|spectro visuali]] [[supercumulus|supercumuli]] [[galaxias|galaxiarum]] remotorum (ad dexteram), cum lineis absorptionis in specrtro visuali [[Sol]]is (ad sinistram). Sagittae motum ad rubrum, vel incrementum undae longitudinis, indicant.]]
'''Motus ad rubrum''' in [[physica]] est incrementum [[longitudo undae|longitudinis undae]], vel motus ad rubram [[spectrum|spectri]] extremitatem, [[lux|lucis]] vel aliaealius [[radiatio electromagnetica|radiationis electromagneticae]]. "Rubrior" significat auctam undae longitudinem, utrum radiatio intra [[spectrum visuale]] iacet an non. Secundum theorias [[lux|lucis]] radiatio rubrior etiam habet minorem [[frequentia]]m et energiam [[photon]]um.
 
Aliqui motus ad robrumrubrum sunt exempla [[effectus Doppler|effectûs Doppler]], notiore in mutatione altitudinis vel frequentiae [[sonus (physica)|soni]] [[tramen|traminibus]], [[arcera|arceris]], aliisque vehiculis celeribus emissi. Motus ad rubrum fit quandocumque lumen ab observatore abit. Exemplum huius est motus ad rubrum [[cosmologia|cosmologicus]], quae ex expansione universi evenit. Lumina satis distantesdistantia (plus quam milliones [[annus luce mensus|annos luce mensos]]) motum ad rubrum monstrant, qui modo incrementi distantiae a [[Tellus|Tellure]] respondet. Motus ad rubrum gravitationalis[[gravitatio]]nalis est effectus [[relativitas generalis|relativisticus]] qui in radiatione electromagnetica ex campis gravitationlibus movente observatur. Contra motum ad rubrum, decrementi longitudinis undae efficitur cum lumen ad observatorem aut radiatio electromagnetica in campum gravitationalem movet. Hoc ''motus ad caeruleum'' vel motus ad rubrum negativum appellatur.
 
[[Scientia (ratio)|Scientia]] horum motuum adhibita est ad plures artes terrestres elaborandos, ut [[radar]] Dopplerianum et pistollia radaris a vigile usitata.<ref>Feynman, Leighton, et Sands (1989).</ref> Motus ad rubrum etiam in observationibus rerum [[astronomia|astronomicarum]] apparuit.<ref name="basicastronomy">Vide Binney et Merrifeld (1998), Carroll et Ostlie (1996), Kutner (2003).</ref> Valor eius litterâ ''z'' notatur.
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A [[Relativitas specialis|special relativistic]] [[Redshift#Redshift formulae|redshift formula]] (and its classical approximation) can be used to calculate the redshift of a nearby object when [[Continuum spatio-temporale|spacetime]] is flat. However, in many contexts, such as [[Foramen nigrum|black holes]] and [[Immanis diruptio|Big Bang cosmology]], redshifts must be calculated using [[Relativitas generalis|general relativity]].<ref>See Misner, Thorne and Wheeler (1973) and Weinberg (1971) or any of the [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology#Textbooks physical cosmology textbooks]</ref> Special relativistic, gravitational, and cosmological redshifts can be understood under the umbrella of frame transformation laws. There exist other physical processes that can lead to a shift in the frequency of electromagnetic radiation, including scattering and optical effects; however, the resulting changes are distinguishable from true redshift and are not generally referred to as such (see section on [[Redshift#Effects due to physical optics or radiative transfer|physical optics and radiative transfer]]).
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== Bibliographia ==
=== Commentationes ===
* Odenwald, S. &R. Fienberg,T. RTFienberg. 1993; "Galaxy Redshifts Reconsidered" in ''Sky & Telescope'' Feb. 2003; pp31–35pp. (31–35.<!--This article is useful further reading in distinguishing between the 3 types of redshift and their causes.)-->
* Lineweaver, Charles H., andet Tamara M. Davis, "[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=1&articleID=0009F0CA-C523-1213-852383414B7F0147 Misconceptions about the Big Bang]", ''[[Scientific American]]'', March 2005. (<!--This article is useful for explaining the cosmological redshift mechanism as well as clearing up misconceptions regarding the physics of the expansion of space.)-->
 
=== Libri ===
* {{Cite book|last=Nussbaumer|last2=Lydia Bieri|author2=Lydia Bieri|first=Harry|date=2009|title=Discovering the Expanding Universe|publisher=Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51484-2|ISBN=978-0-521-51484-2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Binney|last2=Michael Merrifeld|author2=Michael Merrifeld|first=James|date=1998|title=Galactic Astronomy|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-02565-7|ISBN=0-691-02565-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Carroll, Bradley W.|author2=Dale A. Ostlie|last-author-amp=yes|title=An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics|publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.|date=1996|isbn=0-201-54730-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Feynman, Richard|author2=Leighton, Robert|author3=Sands, Matthew|title=[[The Feynman Lectures on Physics|Feynman Lectures on Physics]]. Vol. 1|publisher=Addison-Wesley|date=1989|isbn=0-201-51003-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Grøn|first=Øyvind|authorlink=Øyvind Grøn|author2=Hervik, Sigbjørn|title=Einstein's General Theory of Relativity|location=New York|publisher=Springer|date=2007|isbn=978-0-387-69199-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Kutner, Marc|title=Astronomy: A Physical Perspective|publisher=Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press|date=2003|isbn=0-521-52927-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Misner|first=Charles|author2=Thorne, Kip S.|author3=Wheeler, John Archibald|title=Gravitation|location=San FranciscoFranciscopoli|publisher=W. H. Freeman|date=1973|isbn=0-7167-0344-0}}
* {{cite book|first=P. J. E.|last=Peebles|title=Principles of Physical Cosmology|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=1993|isbn=0-691-01933-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Spacetime Physics: Introduction to Special Relativity|edition=2nd|publisher=W. H. Freeman|date=1992|isbn=0-7167-2327-1|author1=Taylor|first1=Edwin F.|last2=Wheeler|first2=John Archibald|authorlink2=John Archibald Wheeler}}
* {{cite book|first=Steven|last=Weinberg|title=Gravitation and Cosmology|publisher=John Wiley|date=1971|isbn=0-471-92567-5}}
* See also physical cosmology textbooks for applications of the cosmological and gravitational redshifts.
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* [http://www.asterism.org/tutorials/tut29-1.htm Mike Luciuk's Astronomical Redshift tutorial]
* [http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast162/Unit5/Images/hu_animexp.gif Animated GIF of Cosmological Redshift] by Wayne Hu
* {{Cite web|last=Merrifield|last1=Merrifield|last2=Hill|first=Michael|first1=Michael|first2=Richard|date=2009|work=SIXTψ SYMBΦLS|title=Z Redshift|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/redshift.htm|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] forpro the [[University of Nottingham]]}}
 
{{Myrias|Physica}}
 
Receptum de "https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motus_ad_rubrum"