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'''Cuprum'''<ref name=NSLO>[[Ebbe Vilborg]]. ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Editio secunda anni 2009. Pro nomine adiectivo "cupri", "aheneus"/"aeneus" et "cupreus".</ref> {{Victio|cuprum|i|n}} vel '''aes'''<ref name=NSLO/> {{Victio|aes|ris|n}}<ref name=NSLO/> seu rectius '''cyprum''' {{Victio|cyprum|i|n}}, nam plerumque [[Cyprus|Cypri]] a [[Romani]]s reperiebatur, est [[elementum]] [[Metallum|metallicum]]. Romani elementum istum saepius '''[[aes]]''' {{victio|aes|aeris|n}} vocabant, quam [[Ligatio metallica|ligationem]] a cypro mero non decernebant. Adiectivum ad res e cupro factas indicans est ''cupreus'' {{Victio|cupreus|a,-um|adj}} seu ''cypreus'' {{Victio|cypreus|a,-um|adj}}.
== Proprietates ==
=== Physicae ===
Cuprum uná cum [[argentum|argento]] et [[aurum|auro]] tabulá periodicá gregem 11 consociat, quibuscum quasdam proprietates communiter habet. Omnia unam [[electron]]em s-[[ambitus electronicus|ambitus]] super d-ambitu compleno habent, et sunt ductiliora et optimi traductores electricitatis. [[Vinculum metallicum|Vinculo metallico]] apud alios atomos valet s-electron; complenus d-ambitus haud valet, quam ob rem vinculum est neque covalens neque potens, ita singulum crystallum cupreum est ductilius et haud durum.<ref name=b1>{{cite book|author1=George L. Trigg|author2=Edmund H. Immergut|title=Encyclopedia of applied physics|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sVQ5RAAACAAJ|accessdate=2 May 2011|date=1 November 1992|publisher=VCH Publishers|isbn=978-3-527-28126-8|pages=267–272|volume=4: Combustion to Diamagnetism}}</ref> Vitio autem in cancellos crystallinos inserto, exempli gratiá, apud fines crystallinos, materiam sub tensione fluere impedit, sic durescitur, quam ob rem cuprum in forma [[Monocrystallinus|monocrystallina]] haud fere venditur, potius [[Polycrystallinus|polycrystallina]] quae est potentior.<ref>{{cite book|author = Smith, William F. and Hashemi, Javad |title = Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering|page = 223|publisher = McGraw-Hill Professional|year= 2003|isbn = 0-07-292194-3}}</ref>
Quia cuprum haud est durum, et electricitatem magnopere conducit (59.6 x 10<sup>6</sup> [[ohmium|Ω]]<sup>-1</sup>/m) et calorem (401 W/m/K), quod est secundus optimus temperaturá 20 °C ex metallis puris,<ref name=CRC>{{cite book|author = Hammond, C. R.|title = The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition|publisher =CRC press|isbn = 0-8493-0485-7|year = 2004}}</ref> quia resistentia ex electronis dilapsis plerumque orior, vibratuum caloricorum in cancellis causá, qui haud sunt magni in metallo molli.<ref name=b1/> In aëre libero, cuprum maximam densitatem [[fluxio electrica|fluxionis electricae]] 3.1 x 10<sup>6</sup> A/m<sup>2</sup> conducit, postquam magnopere calescit.<ref>{{cite book|last=Resistance Welding Manufacturing Alliance |title=Resistance Welding Manual|year=2003|publisher=Resistance Welding Manufacturing Alliance|isbn=0-9624382-0-0|edition=4th|pages=18–12}}</ref>
Si cuprum cum alio metallo contigit, [[Rosio galvanica|galvanice erodit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Galvanic Corrosion|url=http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Forms-galvanic/galvanic-corrosion.htm|work=Corrosion Doctors|accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref>
Cuprum elementum colorem naturum habet quae ab colore aut argenteo aut cano omnium aliorum metallorum differt, nisi [[osmium|osmio]] (aliquantum caeruleo colore) et [[aurum|auro]] (flavo colore).<ref>{{Cite book|last = Chambers|first = William|last2 = Chambers|first2 = Robert|title = Chambers's Information for the People|publisher = W. & R. Chambers|year = 1884|volume = L|page = 312|edition = 5th|url = http://books.google.com/?id=eGIMAAAAYAAJ|isbn = 0-665-46912-8}}</ref> Cuprum purum colorem ab aurantiaco ad rubrum habet, in colorem subrubrum in aëre infuscatur. Hic color ex transitu electronico ab s-ambitu ad d-ambitum orior, cuius vis cum luce aurantiaca congruit.<ref name=b1/>
=== Chemicae ===
[[Fasciculus:Royal Observatory Edinburgh East Tower 2010 cropped.jpg|thumb|Turris Oriens [[Observatorium Regis, Edimburgi|Observatorii Regis, Edimburgi]]. Comparare colorem cupri novi quod anno 2010 instructum est et cupri viridis quod anno 1894 instructum est.]]
Cuprum permagnas compositiones format in qua cuprum statum oxidatum +1 suscipit, cuius compositiones ''cuprosae'' appellantur, et statum oxidatum +2, cuius compositiones ''cupricae'' appellantur.<ref name="Holleman">{{cite book |last1=Holleman |first1=A. F. |last2=Wiberg |first2=N. |title=Inorganic Chemistry |year=2001 |publisher=Academic Press |location=San Diego |isbn=978-0-12-352651-9}}</ref> Aquá non affectum est, sed cum [[oxygenium|oxygenio]] atmosphaerico lente affectum est, patinam [[oxidum cupri]] colore fusco-nigro suscipit, quod rosionem defodere prohibet. Aeruginem ([[carbonatum cupri]]), patinam viridem, in aedificionibus statuisque cupro indutis saepe videt, exempli gratiá [[Statua Libertatis]], una ex maximis statuis cupreis in mundo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Copper.org: Education: Statue of Liberty: Reclothing the First Lady of Metals – Repair Concerns|url=http://www.copper.org/education/liberty/liberty_reclothed1.html|work=Copper.org|accessdate=11 April 2011}}</ref>
Cum [[sulphida hydrogenii]] et alia [[sulphidum|sulphida]] cuprum afficit, sulphida cupri in superficie formantur. Aër cum compositionibus sulphidis cuprum erodere sic facit.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rickett|first1=B. I.|last2=Payer|first2=J. H.|title=Composition of Copper Tarnish Products Formed in Moist Air with Trace Levels of Pollutant Gas: Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide/Hydrogen Sulfide|journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society|year=1995|volume=142|issue=11|pages=3723–3728|doi=10.1149/1.2048404}}</ref> Solutio ammoniaca oxygenifera cum cupro compositionem congregatam, aquá dissolubilem format. Oxygenium et [[acidum hydrochloricum]] cum cupro [[chlorida cupri]] formant. [[Hydrogenii peroxidum|Peroxidum hydrogenii]] acidicum cum cupro sales cupri(II) format. Chloridum cupri(II) cum cupro chloridum cupri(I) format.<ref>{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Wayne|title=Handbook of copper compounds and applications|year=1997|publisher=Marcel Dekker|location=New York|isbn=978-0-585-36449-0|oclc=47009854}}</ref>
=== Isotopia ===
Sunt undetriginta [[isotopium|isotopia]] cupri. Isotopia <sup>63</sup>Cu et <sup>65</sup>Cu sunt [[radioactivitas|radioactivitate]] stabilia. Cuprum naturalis ex undeseptuagina per centum <sup>63</sup>Cu constat; reliqua est <sup>65</sup>Cu. Ambo isotopium numerum versandi 3/2 [[mechanica quantica|mechanice quantali]] habet.<ref name="nubase">{{cite journal|title=Nubase2003 Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties|journal=Nuclear Physics A|volume=729|page=3|publisher=Atomic Mass Data Center|year=2003|doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001|author=Audi, G|bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A|last2=Bersillon|first2=O.|last3=Blachot|first3=J.|last4=Wapstra|first4=A.H.}}</ref> Omnia alia isotopia sunt radioactiva, ex quibus diutissimum est <sup>67</sup>Cu cuius toti dimidium 61.83 horis exstat.<ref name="nubase"/> Sunt septem isotopia metastabilia , ex quibus diutissimum est <sup>68m</sup>Cu cuius toti dimidium 3.8 minutis exstat. Isotopia numeri massae super 64 a casu β<sup>-</sup> tabent, sub autem 64 a casu β<sup>+</sup>. Isotopium <sup>64</sup>Cu ab ambo casu tabet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=29&n=35 |title=Interactive Chart of Nuclides |work=National Nuclear Data Center |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref>
=== In natura ===
Cuprum naturá in forma vel nativa vel minerali exsistit. Cuprum nativum est polycrystallum, cuius maximum crystallum inventum erat 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm.<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM66/AM66_885.pdf|journal = American Mineralogist|volume = 66|page=885|year= 1981|title= The largest crystals|author = Rickwood, P. C.}}</ref> Moles maxima cupri nativi, cum anno 1857 in [[Keewenaw Paeninsula]], [[Michigania]]e, inventa est, erat pondere 840 milia libras.<ref name=emsley>{{cite book|author=Emsley, John|title=Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&pg=PA123|accessdate=2 May 2011|date=11 August 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-850340-8|pages=121–125}}</ref> Sunt permagna metalla cuprifera: [[chalcopyrites]] et [[chalcocites]] sunt sulphida cupri, [[caeruleum]] autem et [[molochitis]] sunt carbonata cupri, [[cuprites]] est oxidum cupri.<ref name=CRC/> Quinquaginta partes per millionem [[Crustum (geologia)|crusti]] [[Tellus (planeta)|Telluris]] est cupriferum<ref name=emsley/>, et cuprum in stellis ingentibus factum est.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Romano|first1=Donatella|last2=Matteucci|first2=Fransesca|title=Contrasting copper evolution in ω Centauri and the Milky Way|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters|year=2007|volume=378|issue=1|pages=L59–L63|doi=10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00320.x|bibcode=2007MNRAS.378L..59R|arxiv = astro-ph/0703760 }}</ref>
== Productio ==
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