Linnaeus
1735
2 regna
Haeckel
1866[1]
3 regna
Chatton
1937[2]
2 imperia
Copeland
1956[3]
4 regna
Whittaker
1969[4]
5 regna
Woese et al.
1977[5]
6 regna
Woese et al.
1990[6]
3 regiones
(non tractatum) Protista Prokaryota Monera Monera Eubacteria Bacteria
Archaebacteria Archaea
Eukaryota Protista Protista Protista Eukarya
Vegetabilia Plantae Fungi Fungi
Plantae Plantae Plantae
Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia


  1. E. Haeckel (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin.
  2. E. Chatton (1937). Titres et travaux scientifiques. Sette, Sottano, Italy.
  3. H. F. Copeland (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books.
  4. Whittaker RH (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms". Science 163 (863): 150–60.
  5. C. R. Woese, W. E. Balch, L. J. Magrum, G. E. Fox and R. S. Wolfe (August 1977). "An ancient divergence among the bacteria". Journal of Molecular Evolution 9 (4): 305–311.
  6. Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya.". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87 (12): 4576–9.