Usor:Tchougreeff/Ørsted Experimenta

	Hans Christian Ørsted Experimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acum magneticam 1820	Experiments on the effect of a current of electricity on the magnetic needle. By Prof. Oersted Ann. Phil. Vol. XVI. № IV P. 273-276
1	Prima experimenta circa rem, quam illustrare aggredior, in scholis de Electricitate, Galvanismo et Magnetismo proxime-superiori hieme a me habitis instituta sunt. His experimentis monstrari videbatur, acum magneticam ope apparatus galvanici e situ moveri; idque circulo galvanico cluso, non aperto, ut frustra tentaverunt aliquot abhinc annis physici quidam celeberrimi. Cum autem hæc experimenta apparatu minus efficaci instituta essent, ideoque phænomena edita pro rei gravitate non satis luculenta viderentur, socium adscivi amicum Esmarch, regi a consiliis justitiæ, ut experimenta cum magno apparatu galvanico, a nobis conjunctim instructo, repeterentur et augerentur. Etiam vir egregius Wleugel, eques auratus ord. Dan. et apud nos præfectus rei gubernatoriæ, experimentis interfuit, nobis socius et testis. Præterea testes fuerunt horum experimentorum vir excellentissimus et a rege summis honoribus decoratus Hauch, cujus in rebus naturalibus scientia jam diu inclaruit, vir acutissimus Reinhardt, Historiæ naturalis Professor, vir in experimentis instituendis sagacissimus Jacobsen, Medicinæ Professor, et Chemicus experientissimus Zeise, Philosophiæ Doctor. Sæpius equidem solus experimenta circa materiam propositam institui, quæ autem ita mihi contigit detegere phænomena, in conventu horum virorum doctissimorum repetivi.	THE first experiments respecting the subject which I mean at present to explain, were made by me last winter, while lecturing on electricity, galvanism, and magnetism<, in the University>. It seemed demonstrated by these experiments that the magnetic needle was moved from its position by the galvanic apparatus, but that the galvanic circle must be complete, and not open, which <last method> was tried in vain some years ago by very celebrated philosophers. But as these experiments were made with a feeble apparatus, and were not, therefore, sufficiently conclusive, considering the importance of the subject, I associated myself with my friend Esmarck [royal concillor of law] to repeat and extend them by means of a very powerful galvanic battery, provided by us in common. Mr. Wleugel, a Knight of the Order of Danneborg, and at the head of the Pilots, was present at, and assisted in, the experiments. There were present likewise Mr. Hauch, a man very well skilled in the Natural Sciences, [man of great insight] Mr. Reinhardt, Professor of Natural History, [man of great wisdom in installing experiments] Mr. Jacobsen, Professor of Medicine, and that very skilful chemist, Mr. Zeise, Doctor of Philosophy. I had often made experiments by myself; but every fact which I had observed was repeated in the presence of these gentlemen.
2	In experimentis recensendis omnia præteribo, quæ ad rationem rei inveniendam quidem conduxerunt, hac autem inventa rem amplius illustrare nequeunt; in eis igitur, quæ rei rationem perspicue demonstrant, acquiescamus.	In the presentation of experiments I shall omit all which anyhow has led to the reason of searching these since it cannot better illustrate the finding. Thus let us occupy ourselves with those <items> which mainly demonstrate the substance.
3	Apparatus galvanicus, quo usus summus, constat viginti receptaculis cupreis rectangularibus, quorum et longitudo et altitudo duodecim æqualiter est pollicum, latitudo autem duos pollices et dimidium vix excedit. Qvodvis receptaculum duabus laminis cupreis instructum est ita inclinatis, ut baculum cupreum, qui laminam zinceam in aqua receptaculi proximi sustentat, portare possint. Aqua receptaculorum 1/60 sui ponderis acidi sulphurici et pariter 1/60 acidi nitrici continet. Pars cujusque laminæ Zinceæ in aqua submersa Qvadratum est, cujus latus circiter longitudinem 10 pollicum habet. Etiam apparatus minores adhiberi possunt, si modo filum metallicum candefacere valeant.	The galvanic apparatus which we employed consists of 20 copper troughs, the length and height of each of which was 12 inches; but the breadth scarcely exceeded 2½ inches. Every trough is supplied with two plates of copper, so bent that they could carry a copper rod, which supports the zinc plate in the water of the next trough. The water of the troughs contained ${\textstyle {\frac {1}{60}}}$th of its weight of sulphuric acid, and an equal quantity of nitric acid. The portion of each zinc plate sunk in the water is a square whose side is about 10 inches in length. A smaller apparatus will answer provided it be strong enough to heat a metallic wire red hot.
4	Conjungantur termini oppositi apparatus galvanici per filum metallicum, quod brevitatis causa in posterum conductorem conjungentem vel etiam filum conjungens appellabimus. Effectui autem, qui in hoc conductore et in spatio circumjacente locum habet, conflictus electrici nomen tribuemus.	The opposite ends of the galvanic battery were joined by a metallic wire, which, for shortness sake, we shall call the uniting conductor, or the uniting wire. To the effect which takes place in this conductor and in the surrounding space, we shall give the name of the conflict of electricity.
5	Ponatur pars rectilinea hujus fili in situ horizontali super acum magneticam rite suspensam, eique parallela. Si opus fuerit, filum conjungens ita flecti potest, ut pars eius idonea situm ad experimentum necessarium obtineat. His ita comparatis, acus magnetica movebitur, et quidem sub ea fili conjungentis parte, quæ electricitatem proxime a termino negativo apparatus galvanici accipit, occidentem versus declinabit.	Let the straight part of this wire be placed horizontally above the magnetic needle, properly suspended, and parallel to it. If necessary, the uniting wire is bent so as to assume a proper position for the experiment. Things being in this state, the needle will be moved, and the end of it next the negative side of the battery will go westward.
6	Si distantia fili conjungentis ab acu magnetica 3/4 pollices non excedit, declinatio acus angulum circiter 45° efficit. Si distantia augetur, anguli decrescunt ut crescunt distantiæ. Cæterum declinatio pro efficacia apparatus varia est.	If the distance of the uniting wire does not exceed three quarters of an inch from the needle, the declination of the needle makes an angle of about 45°. If the distance is increased, the angle diminishes proportionally. The declination likewise varies with the power of the battery.
7	Filum conjungens locum mutare potest vel orientem vel occidentem versus, dummodo situm acui parallelum teneat, sine alia effectus mutatione, quam respectu magnitudinis; itaque effectus attractioni minime tribui potest, nam idem acus magneticæ polus, qui ad filum conjungens accedit, dum ei ad latus orientale positum est, ab eadem recedere deberet, quando locum ad latus occidentale occupat, si hæ declinationes ab attractionibus vel repulsionibus penderent. Conductor conjungens e pluribus filis aut tæniis metallicis connexis constare potest. Natura metalli effectus non mutat, nisi forte quoad qvantitatem. Fila ex platino, auro, argento, orichalco, ferro, tænias e plumbo et stanno, massam hydrargyri æquali cum successu adhibuimus. Conductor aqua interrupta non omni effectu caret, nisi interruptio spatium plurium pollicum longitudinis complectatur.	The uniting wire may change its place, either towards the east or west, provided it continue parallel to the needle, without any other change of the effect than in respect to its quantity. Hence the effect cannot be ascribed to attraction; for the same pole of the magnetic needle, which approaches the uniting wire, while placed on its east side, ought to recede from it when on the west side, if these declinations depended on attractions and repulsions. The uniting conductor may consist of several wires or metallic ribbons, connected together. The nature of the metal does not alter the effect, but merely the quantity. Wires of platinum, gold, silver, brass, iron, ribbons of lead and tin, a mass of mercury, were employed with equal success. The conductor does not lose its effect, though interrupted by water, unless the interruption amounts to several inches length.
8	Effectus fili conjungentis in acum magneticam per vitrum, per metalla, per lignum, per aquam, per resinam, per vasa figlina, per lapides transeunt; nam interjecta tabula vitrea metallica vel lignea minime tolluntur, nec tabulis ex vitro, metallo et ligno simul interjectis evanescunt, imo vix decrescere videntur. Idem est eventus, si interjicitur discus electrophori, tabula ex porphyrita, vas figlinum, si vel aqua repletum sit. Experimenta nostra etiam docuerunt, effectus jam memoratos non mutari, si acus magnetica pyxide ex orichalco aqua repleta includitur. Effectuum transitum per omnes has materias in electricitate et galvanismo antea nunquam observatum fuisse, monere haud opus est. Effectus igitur, qui locum habent in conflictu electrico, ab effectibus unius vel alterius vis electricæ quam maxime sunt diversi.	The effect of the uniting wire passes to the needle through glass, metals, wood, water, resin, stoneware, stones for it is not taken away by interposing plates of glass, metal or wood. Even glass, metal, and wood, interposed at once, do not destroy, and indeed scarcely diminish the effect. The disc of the electrophorus, plates of porphyry, a stone-ware vessel, even filled with water, were interposed with the same result. We found the effects unchanged when the needle was included in a brass box filled with water. It is needless to observe that the transmission of effects through all these matters has never before been observed in electricity and galvanism. The effects, therefore, which take place in the conflict of electricity are very different from the effects of either of the electricities.
9	Si filum conjungens in plano horizontali sub acu magnetica ponitur, omnes effectus idem sunt ac in plano super acum, tantummodo in directione inversa. Acus enim magneticæ polus, sub quo ea est fili conjungentis pars, quæ electricitatem proxime a termino negativo apparatus galvanici accipit, orientem versus declinabit.	If the uniting wire be placed in a horizontal plane under the magnetic needle, all the effects are the same as when it is above r the needle, only they are in an opposite direction; of the pole of the magnetic needle next the negative end of the battery declines to the east.
10	Ut facilius hæc memoria retineantur, hac formula utamur: Polus super quem intrat electricitas negativa ad occidentem, infra quem ad orientem vertitur.	That these facts may be the more easily retained, we may use this formula—the pole above which the negative electricity enters is turned to the west: under which, to the east.
11	Si filum conjungens in plano horizontali ita vertitur, ut cum meridiano magnetico angulum sensim sensimque crescentem formet, declinatio acus magneticæ augetur, si motus fili tendit versus locum acus deturbatæ; sed minuitur, si filum ab hoc loco discedit.	If the uniting wire is so turned in a horizontal plane as to form a gradually increasing angle with the magnetic meridian, the declination of the needle increases, if the motion of the wire is towards the place of the disturbed needle; but it diminishes if the wire moves further from that place.
12	Filum conjungens in plano horizontali, in quo movetur acus magnetica, ope sacomatis æquilibrata, situm, et acui parallelum, eandem nec orientem nec occidentem versus deturbat, sed tantummodo in plano inclinationis nutare facit, ita ut polus, penes quem ingreditur in filum vis negative electrica deprimatur, quando ad latus occidentale, et elevetur, quando ad orientale situm est.	When the uniting wire is situated in the same horizontal plane in which the needle moves [equilibrated] by means of the counterpoise, and parallel to it no declination is produced either to the east or west; but an inclination takes place, so that the pole, next which the negative electricity enters the wire, is depressed when the wire is situated on the west side, and elevated when situated on the east side.
13	Si filum conjungens perpendiculare ad planum meridiani magnetici, vel supra vel infra acum ponitur, hæc in quiete permanet; excepto si filum sit polo admodum propinquum: tum enim elevatur polus, quando introitus fit a parte occidentali fili, et deprimitur quando ab orientali fit.	If the uniting wire be placed perpendicularly to the plane of the magnetic meridian, whether above or below it, the needle remains at rest, unless it be very near the pole; in that case the pole is elevated when the entrance is from the west side of the wire, and depressed, when from the east side.
14	Quando filum conjungens perpendiculare ponitur e regione polo acus magneticæ, et extremitas superior fili electricitatem a termino negativo apparatus galvanici accipit, polus orientem versus movetur; posito autem filo e regione puncto inter polum et medium acus sito, occidentem versus agitur. Quando extremitas fili superior electricitatem a termino positivo accipit, phænomena inversa occurrunt.	When the uniting wire is placed perpendicularly opposite to the pole of the magnetic needle, and the upper extremity of the wire receives the negative electricity, the pole is moved towards the east; but when the wire is opposite to a point between the pole and the middle of the needle, the pole is most towards the west. When the upper end of the wire receives positive electricity, the phenomena are reversed.
15	Si filum conjungens ita flectitur, ut ad ambas flexuræ partes sibi fiat parallelum, aut duo formet crura parallela, polos magneticos pro diversis rei conditionibus repellit aut attrahit. Ponatur filum e regione polo alteriutri acus, ita ut planum crurum parallelorum sit ad meridianum magneticum perpendiculare, et conjugatur crus orientale cum termino negativo, occidentale cum positivo apparatus galvanici; quibus ita instructis, polus proximus repelletur, vel ad orientem vel ad occidentem pro situ plani crurum. Conjuncto crure orientali cum termino positivo et occidentali cum termino negativo, polus proximus attrahitur. Quando planum crurum ponitur perpendiculare ad locum inter polum et medium acus, iidem, tantummodo inversi, occurrunt effectus.	If the uniting wire is bent so as [both parts of the bending would be mutually parallel] to form two legs parallel <to each other>, it repels or attracts the magnetic poles according to the different conditions of the case. Suppose the wire placed opposite to either pole of the needle, so that the plane of the parallel legs is perpendicular to the magnetic meridian, and let the eastern leg be united with the negative end, the western leg with the positive end of the battery: in that case the nearest pole will be repelled either to the east or west, according to the position of the plane of the legs. The eastmost leg being united with the positive, and the westmost with the negative side of the battery, the nearest pole will be attracted. When the plane of the legs is placed perpendicular to the place between the pole and the middle of the needle, the same effects recur, but reversed.
16	Acus ex orichalco, ad instar acus magneticæ suspensa, effectu fili conjungentis non movetur. Etiam acus ex vitro, vel ex sic dicto gummi lacca, simili experimento subjectæ in quiete manent.	A brass needle, suspended like a magnetic needle, is not moved by the effect of the uniting wire. Likewise needles of glass and of gum lac remain unacted on.
17	Ex his omnibus momenta quædam ad rationem horum phænomenorum reddendam afferre liceat.	We may now make a few observations towards explaining these phenomena.
18	Conflictus electricus non nisi in particulas magneticas materiæ agere valet. Videntur omnia corpora non-magnetica per conflictum electricum penetrabilia esse; magnetica vero, aut potius particulæ eorum magneticæ transitui hujus conflictus resistere, quo fit, ut impetu virium certantium moveri possint.	The electric conflict acts only on magnetic particles of matter. All non-magnetic bodies appear penetrable by the electric conflict, while magnetic bodies, or rather their magnetic particles, resist the passage of this conflict. Hence they can be moved by the impetus of the contending powers.
19	Conflictum electricum in conductore non includi, sed, ut jam diximus, simul in spatio circumjacente idque satis late dispergi, ex observationibus jam propositis satis patet.	It is sufficiently evident from the preceding facts that the electric conflict is not confined to the conductor, but dispersed pretty widely in the surrounding space.
	Similiter ex observatis colligere licet, hunc conflictum gyros peragere, nam hæc esse videtur conditio, sine qua fieri nequeat, ut eadem pars fili conjungentis, quæ infra polum magneticum posita eum orientem versus ferat, supra posita cundem occidentem versus agat; hæc enim gyri est natura, ut motus in partibus oppositis oppositam habeant directionem. Præterea motus per gyros cum motu progressivo, juxta longitudinem conductoris, conjunctus, cochleam vel lineam spiralem formare debere videtur, quod tamen, nisi fallor, ad phænomena hucusque observata explicanda nihil confert.	From the preceding facts we may likewise collect that this conflict performs circles; for without this condition, it seems impossible that the one part of the uniting wire, when placed: below the magnetic pole, should drive it towards the east, and when placed above it towards the west; for it is the nature of a circle that the motions in opposite parts should have an opposite direction. Besides, a motion in circles, joined with a progressive motion, according to the length of the conductor, ought to form a conchoidal or spiral line; but this, unless I am mistaken, contributes nothing to explain the phenomena hitherto observed.
	Omnes in polum septentrionalem effectus, hic expositi, facile intelliguntur, ponendo, vim vel materiam negative electricam lineam spiralem dextrorsum flexam percurrere, et polum septentrionalem propellere, in meridionalem autem minime agere. Effectus in polum meridionalem similiter explicantur, si vi vel materiæ positive electricæ motum contrarium et facultatem in polum meridionalem non autem in septentrionalem agendi tribuimus. Hujus legis cum natura congruentia melius repetitione experimentorum quam longa explicatione perspicietur. Dijudicatio autem experimentorum multo fiet facilior, si cursus virium electricarum in filo conjungente signis pictis vel incisis indicatus fuerit.	All the effects on the north pole above-mentioned are easily understood by supposing that negative electricity moves in a spiral line bent towards the right, and propels the north pole, but does not act on the south pole. The effects on the south pole are explained in a similar manner, if we ascribe to positive electricity a contrary motion and power of acting on the south pole, but not upon the north. The agreement of this law with nature will be better seen by a repetition of the experiments than by a long explanation. The mode of judging of the experiments will be much facilitated if the course of the electricities in the uniting wire pointed out by marks or figures.
	Dictis hoc tantum adjiciam: Demonstrasse me in libro septem abhinc annis edito, calorem et lucem esse conflictum electricum. Ex observationibus nuper adlatis jam concludere licet, motus per gyros etiam in his effectibus occurrere; quod ad phænomena, quæ polaritatem lucis appellant, illustranda perquam facere puto.	I shall merely add to the above that I have demonstrated in a book published seven years ago that heat and light consist of the conflict of the electricities. From the observations now stated, we may conclude that a circular motion likewise occurs in these effects. This I think will contribute very much to illustrate the phenomena to which the appellation of polarization of light has been given.
	Dabam Hafniæ d. 21de Julii 1820.	Copenhagen, 21 July 1820. John Christian Oersted.