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Linea 1: [[Imago:Map OC-Melanesia.PNG\|\|thumb\|right\|300px\|Tabula Melanesiana (Vitios amplectens), linea punicea cincta]] '''Melanesia''' (ex verbis [[lingua Graeca\|Graecis]]: ''μέλας'' 'ater' + ''νῆσος'' 'insula') est regio [[Oceania\|Oceanica]], quae de occidentali [[Oceanus Pacificus\|Pacifici Occidentalis]] latere ad [[Mare Arafura]] contingit, ad septentriones et orientem [[Australia]]e spectantem. Hic terminus primum ~~adhibitus est~~ ab [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]] anno [[1832]] adhibitus est, ut ~~designet~~ ethnicam geographicamque Pacifici nec [[Polynesia\|Polynesiam]] nec [[Micronesia\|Micronesiam]] regionem designet. Hodie, haec [[classificatio hominum]] ab [[anthropologia\|anthropologis]] habetur falsa quoniam ea diversitatem regionis neglegit: ~~est~~adest nulla singularis Melanesiae mos vel cultura. ~~Homines~~Regionis ~~regionis~~homines corpore, lingua, societate, et cultura permaxime inter se variant. Potestates autem [[Europa\|Europeanae]] [[saeculum 19\|saeculis undevicensimo]] et [[saeculum 20\|vicensimo]] unius culturae opinionem vanam promoverunt. Accuratius est nihilominus notio [[geopolitica\|geopoliticalis]] termini quae late adhibetur. Exempli gratia, [[Melanesian Spearhead Group]] fecit [[Preferential Trade Arrangement\|Preferential Trade Agreement]], foedus quod commercium regulat inter res publicas [[Vanuatu]], [[Insulae ~~Salomonicae~~Salomonis\|Insulas ~~Salomonicas~~Salomonis]], [[Papua Nova Guinea\|Papuam Novam Guineam]], et [[Viti\|Vitios]]. ''Melanesia'' etiam est terminus [[geographia\|geographicus]], adhibitus cum rationes ad discrimina nationalia, ethnica, et linguistica non pertinent (Diamond et Mayr 2001). ==Homines== <!--The original inhabitants of the islands now named Melanesia were likely the ancestors of the present day Papuan-speaking people. These people are thought to have occupied New Guinea tens of millennia ago and reached the islands 35,000 years ago (according to radiocarbon dating).-->Primi homines in Melanesia [[linguae non-Austronesianae\|linguis non-Austronesianis]] usi sunt, et insulas incolaverunt ad orientem versus usque ad praecipuas [[Insulae Salomonis\|Insularum ~~Salomonicarum~~Salomonis]] insulas, amplectens [[Makira]]m et fere nonnullas minimas insulas in oriente (Dunn et al. 2005).<!-- It was particularly along the north coast of [[New Guinea]] and in the islands north and east of New Guinea that the [[Austronesian people]] came into contact with these pre-existing populations of Papuan-speaking peoples, probably around 4000 years ago. There was probably a long period of interaction that resulted in many complex changes in genetics, languages, and culture (Spriggs 1997). It is likely that from this area a very small group of people (speaking an Austronesian language) departed to the east to become the forebears of the [[Polynesian peoples\| Polynesian people]] (Kayser et al. 2000). This finding is, however, contradicted by a study published by [[Temple University]] finding that Polynesians and Micronesians have little genetic relation to Melanesians; instead they found significant diversity of between groups living within the Melanesian islands. [http://www.temple.edu/ATTIC/newsroom/2007_2008/01/stories/pacificislander.htm] Genome scan shows Polynesians have little genetic relationship to Melanesians. --> ==Situs== Hae insulae et circuli insularum post ~~seculum~~saeculum undevicensimum partes Melanesiae ab hominibus scientiae peritis habentur: * [[Circulus Bismarck]] * [[Insulae Maluku]] * [[Insula Norfolk]] * [[Insulae ~~Salomonicae~~Salomonis]] * [[Insulae Freti Torres]] * [[Nova Caledonia]] Linea 30: * [[Timoria]] Nonnullae insulae ad occidentalem ~~Novi~~[[Nova Guinea\|Novae Guineae]], sicut [[Halmahera]], [[Alor]], et [[Pantar]], possunt existimari partes Melanesiae, quamquam incolae ~~harum~~illarum insularum ~~non~~ se ~~appellant~~ Melanesianos non ducunt. ==Vide etiam== [[Papua]]▼ [[Negritus]]▼ [[Episcopus Melanesiae (Anglicanus)]] [[Germanitas Melanesiana]] [[Polynesia]]▼ [[Micronesia]] ▲[[Negritus]] ▲[[Papua]] ▲[[Polynesia]] ==Fontes== Diamond, Jared, et Ernst Mayr. [[2001]]. ''The Birds of Northern Melanesia: Speciation, Ecology, and Biogeography.'': [[Novum Eboracum\|Novi Eboraci]],: [[Oxford University Press]]. ISBN 0-19-514170-9. Dunn, Michael, Angela Terrill, Ger Reesink, Robert A. Foley, et Stephen C. Levinson. [[2005]]. "Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History,." ''Science'' 309:2072–2075. Friedlaender, Jonathan, F. R. Friedlaender, F. A. Reed, K. K. Kidd, J. R. Kidd, et al. [[2001]]. "The Genetic Structure of Pacific Islanders." ''Public Library of Science'' 4(1). http://genetics.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0040019. Kayser, Manfred, Silke Brauer, Gunter Weiss, Peter A. Underhill, Lutz Rower, Wulf Schiefenhövel, et Mark Stoneking. [[2000]]. "The Melanesian Origin of Polynesian Y chromosomes." ''Current Biology'' 10:1237–1246. Spriggs, Matthaeus. [[1997]]. ''The Island Melanesians.'' Blackwell. ISBN 0631167277. ==Nexus externi== Linea 61: [http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/cart/shopcore/?db_name=uhpress&page=shop/flypage&product_id=2978&category_id=b3e6237d1b1b3b8594488ed1c40d0dfb&PHPSESSID=40c869f223f32d8c1b34a69d0fc051d4 New Guinea: Crossing Boundaries and History = Generalis Melanesiae historia] [http://anglicanhistory.org/oceania Commentarii Anglicani de historia Melanesiana] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Insulae Oceani Pacifici]]▼ [[Categoria:Melanesia]] [[Categoria:Oceania]] ~~[[Categoria:Insulae Oceanicae]]~~ ▲[[Categoria:Insulae Oceani Pacifici]] [[ar:ميلانيسيا]]

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