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''Ludus'', quamquam saepissime actiones significat, etiam ad locos vel [[institutum|instituta]] referri potest, sicut [[ludi publici Romani|ludos publicos]], qui apud [[Romani antiqui|Romanos]] quam plurimi celebrabantur. Etiam [[palaestra]] et [[schola]] ''ludi'' appellantur, nam [[Graece|Gr.]] σχολή 'otium' quidam ludus esse videtur; apud [[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Festum]] hanc invenimus expositionem: "ludi appellantur ..., ne tristi aliquo nomine fugiant pueri suo fungi munere".<ref>''De verborum significatione'' XVI s.v. ''Scholae''.</ref>
Varii sensus et usus ''ludi'' quadam similitudine cohaerere videntur, non tamen ita, ut ab aliquo principio, sicut regularitate aut certandi voluntate, duci possint. Fere eadem ratione Wittgenstein vocabulum [[Theodisce|Theodiscum]] ''Spiel'' descripsit (''PU'' 66), ut sensus huius vocabuli similitudine familiari cohiberi denonstraret. In demonstranda similitudine familiari Wittgenstein ad fibras, ex quibus [[rudens]] constat, refert; ut diserte dicit [[Antonius Kenny]]:
{{Citatio|Quo navis ad crepidinem adligatur rudens est, et rudens ex fibris consistit, non quidem ita, ut ex ulla fibra ab initio ad finem percurrenti, verum ita, ut ex immani multitudine fibrarum in vicem amplexarum firmitatem suam obtineat.
* What ties the ship to the wharf is a rope, and the rope consists of fibres, but it does not get its strength from any fibre which runs through it from one end to the other, but from the fact that there is a vast number of fibres overlapping.<ref>Kenny 2006: 291.</ref> }}
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* Hunter, J. M. (1968) "Forms of Life" in Wittgenstein's "Philosophical Investigations." ''American Philosophical Quarterly'' 5 (4): 233-243.
* Jacquette, D. (1998) ''Wittgenstein’s Thought in Transition.'' Purdue University Press.
* Kenny, Anthony (2006) ''[https://dl1.cuni.cz/pluginfile.php/583044/mod_resource/content/0/Kenny%20-%20Wittgenstein%20%28Revised%20Edition%29.pdf Wittgenstein]''. Iterum editum. Blackwell.
* Lugg, Andrew (2000) ''Wittgenstein's Investigations 1–133: A Guide and Interpretation.'' Routledge.
* McDougall, Derek A. (2008) Pictures, Privacy, Augustine, and the Mind. ''Journal of Philosophical Research'' 33:33-72.
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