Quantum redactiones paginae "Scientia falsa" differant
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[[Fasciculus:PhrenologyPix.jpg|thumb|Charta [[phrenologia|phrenologica]] [[saeculum 19|saeculi XIX]]. [[Anni 1820|Annis 1820]] phrenologi [[mens|mentem]] in regionibus [[cerebrum|cerebri]] sitam esse dixerunt, et quod dubitarent mentem ex [[anima]] non materiali exsistere, maledictis increpiti sunt.<ref>Bowler 2003: 128.</ref> Phrenologia primum anno [[1843]] scientia falsa aestimata est, et etiam nunc sic habetur.]]
'''Scientia falsa''' est doctrina per speciem [[scientia (ratio)|scientifica]], quae re vera ex opinionibus et usibus a [[ratio scientifica|ratione scientifica]] abhorrentibus constat. Cum ceterae quoque linguae appellationem [[lingua Anglica|Angliam]] suam fecerint, quin etiam Latine voce hybrida '''pseudoscientia''' dici potest. In scientia falsa saepe insunt superlationes adseverationesque repugnantes, quae sustentaculis scientificis et verisimilitudine carent: fiducia [[confirmatio praeiudiciorum|confirmandorum praeiudiciorum]] voluntati refutandi anteposita; cautio, ne a veris expertis aestimetur; vacuitas rationis diligentis in institutis excolendisque doctrinis; studium continuum theoriarum, quae iam pridem incredibiles factae sunt.
== Scientia vera quomodo a falsa differat ==
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Constat [[physica]]m scientiam veram et [[astrologia]]m specimen pseudoscientiae esse. Inter hs extremitates doctrinae ancipites sunt, sicut [[psychoanalysis]], [[sophrologia]], [[sociobiologia]], [[parapsychologia|parapsychologia experimentalis]]. Id tamen notandum est etiam extra scientiam inveniri cogitationem rationalem:: cum "science", appellatio [[lingua Anglica|Anglica]], praesertim ad [[scientia naturalis|scientias naturales]] referatur, sunt etiam "Wissenschaften" (appellatio [[lingua Theodisca|Theodisca]]) quae praeter scientias naturales etiam [[artes humaniores|scientiae humanae]] et [[scientiae sociales|sociales]] complectuntur. In omnibus his adquisitio cognitionis arte et ratione fit.
His ferme indiciis scientia vera a falsa distingui solet:
* usus methodorum quae in experiendo iam fidem meruerunt: quod praeceptum non solum ad scientiam naturalem sed etiam ad artes humanas experimentis nixas convenit; in quibus maximi momenti sunt investigationes [[statistica]]e, quippe quae observationibus fidem praestent.
* palam omnibus: in scientia naturali experimentis nixa rationes agendi ita explicantur, ut a quolibet homine repeti possint; in artibus humanioribus fontes et critica fontium fidem adferunt et disputantes a depravationibus continent.
* natura critica: investigatio scientifica, quippe quae in lucem proferatur, iudicio et aestimationi publicae subicitur; praeterea censura veritatis saepe in lucem editioni antecedit.
* sui correctio: ex natura critica consequitur, ut theoriae falsae cum tempore decidant.
* progressio; theoria, si difficultatibus adflicta erit, cedet theoriae quae meliorem explanationem polliceri videtur; nam progressio non semper coacervationem cognitionis significat sed ante omnia ad inventionem theoriarum meliorum prioribus refertur.
{{NexInt}}
*[[Negatio calefactionis globalis]]
*[[Ne falsum quidem]]
*[[Scepticismus scientificus]]
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==Bibliographia==
*Andrews, James Pettit, et Robert Henry. [[1796]]. ''History of Great Britain, from the death of Henry VIII to the accession of James VI of Scotland to the Crown of England.'' 2 voll. Londinii: T. Cadell et W. Davies.
*Bauer, Henry H. [[2000]]. ''Science or Pseudoscience: Magnetic Healing, Psychic Phenomena, and Other Heterodoxies.'' University of Illinois Press.
*Bowler, Peter J. (2003) ''Evolution: The History of an Idea'' (tertium ed.). University of California Press.
*Charpak, Georges, et Henri Broch. [[2004]] ''Debunked: ESP, Telekinesis, Other Pseudoscience.'' Conversus ex Francico a Bart K. Holland. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801878675.<!--http://books.google.com/books?--> Primum anno [[2002]] editum nomine ''Devenez sorciers, devenez savants'' ab Odile Jacob.
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*Hansson, Sven Ove. [[1996]]. Defining Pseudoscience. ''Philosophia Naturalis'' 33:169–176.
*Hansson, Sven Ove. [[2008]]. [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-science Science and Pseudo-Science.] In ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.''
*Little, John. [[1981]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Gfh9AnIDxS8C&pg=PA320&dq=%22Science+%E2%80%93+Good,+Bad+and+Bogus%22#v=onepage&q=%22Science%20%E2%80%93%20Good%2C%20Bad%20and%20Bogus%22&f=false (Iudicium
*Martin, M. [[1994]]. [http://www.springerlink.com/content/g8u0371370878485/|doi=10.1007/BF00488452|bibcode=1994Sc&Ed...3..357M|issue=4 Pseudoscience, the paranormal, and science education.] ''Science et Education'' 3:1573–901.
*Pratkanis, Anthony R. [[1995]]. [http://www.positiveatheism.org/writ/pratkanis.htm How to Sell a Pseudoscience.] ''Skeptical Inquirer'' 19(4):19–25.
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*[[Michael Shermer|Shermer, Michael]]. [[1997]]. ''Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time.'' Novi Eboraci: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0716730901.
*Shermer, Michael. [[2011]]. [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-is-pseudoscience What Is Pseudoscience?: Distinguishing between science and pseudoscience is problematic.] ''Scientific American,'' September, p. 92 * Shermer, Michael, et [[Stephanus J. Gould|Stephen J. Gould]]. [[2002]]. ''Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time.'' Novi Eboraci: Holt Paperbacks. ISBN 0805070893.
*Wilson, F. [[2000]]. ''The Logic and Methodology of Science and Pseudoscience.'' Canadian Scholars Press.
*[[Ludovicus Wolpert|Wolpert, Lewis]]. [[1994]]. ''The Unnatural Nature of Science.'' Cantabrigiae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674929802.
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