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[[Fasciculus:Stylised Lithium Atom.png|thumb|Atomus cum [[nucleus atomicus|nucleo]] et tribus electronibus.]]
'''Atomus''' {{victio|atomus|i|f}} (scil. ''hyle'') ([[Graece]]: ''atomos'' 'individuus') est principalis [[materia (physica)|materiae]] pars, quae in denso medio [[nucleus atomicus|nucleo]] consistit, a [[nubes electronum|nube]] [[electron]]um [[onus electricum|negative oneratorum]] cincto. [[Nucleus atomicus]] mixturam continet [[proton]]um positive oneratorum et electrice neutra [[neutron]]a (excepto casu [[hydrogenium-1|hydrogenii-1]], solum stabilis [[nuclidum|nuclidi]] nulla neutrona habentis). Electrona atomi ad nucleum a [[vis electromagnetica|vi electromagnetica]] conligantur. SimileSimiliter, atomi inter se ligati manere possunt, [[molecula]]m formantes. Atomus qui aequalem protonum electronumque numerum continet electrice est neuter; aliter, onus vel positivum vel negativum habet, et ergo est [[ion]]. AtomusAtomi in genera classificaturdescribuntur secundum numerum protonum neutronumque in nucleo: [[numerus atomicus|numerus protonum]] [[elementum chemicum]] constituit, et [[numerus neutronum]] elementi [[isotopus|isotopum]] constituit.<ref name=leigh1990>{{cite book | editor=Leigh, G. J. |Leigh, year=1990 | title=''International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Commission on the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, [[Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry]] -: Recommendations 1990'' |(Oxoniae: publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications, |1990), isbn=0-08-022369-9p. | page=35: | location=Oxford | quote="An atom is the smallest unit quantity of an element that is capable of existence whether alone or in chemical combination with other atoms of the same or other elements. }}"</ref> Protona et neutrona e [[quarcum|quarciis]] deducuntur.
== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:A New System of Chemical Philosophy fp.jpg|thumb|Illustratio e libro ''A New System of Chemical Philosophy'' (sc. ''Ratio Nova Philosophiae Chemiae'') ab Ioanne Dalton anno [[1808]] scripto.]]
[[Philosophus]] [[Graecia|Graecus]] [[Democritus]] erat, qui cogitabat omnem materiam non esse dividuam.<!-- A-tomos Graece idem siginificat quod [[lingua Latina|Latine]] in-divid-uus. (Adnotavi qui sensus etymologiae inesset.) -->
:Atomos philosophi vocant quasdam in mundo corporum partes tam minutissimas ut nec visui pateant nec (tomnu), id est sectionem, recipiant; unde et (atomoi) dicti sunt. Hi per inane totius mundi inrequietis motibus volitare et huc atque illuc ferri dicuntur, sicut tenuissimi pulveres qui infusi per [[fenestra]]s radiis solis videntur. Ex his [[arbor]]es et [[herba]]s et fruges omnes oriri, ex his ignem et aquam et universa gigni atque constare quidam philosophi gentium putaverunt. . . . Atomus ergo est quod dividi non potest, ut in [[geometria]] punctus.
[[Lucretius]] quoque de atomis dixit in carmine ''de Rerum Natura.''
[[Antonius Laurentius Lavoisier]], [[saeculum 18|saeculo 18]], ''[[elementum|elementa]]'' chemica definxit;. secundumSecundum Lavoisier, elementum est materia quae per rationes [[chemia]]e methodas non in alias materies solvatur.solvi possunt; Quodquod non est elementum est [[compositum chemicum|compositum]]. Nunc scimus composita ex atomis plurium elementorum facta esse,; elementa autem ex atomis tantum iisdem. Exempli gratia, [[aqua]], H<sub>2</sub>0, duoduos atomos [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] et unum atomum [[oxygenium|oxygenii]] habet; aqua non est elementum, sed compositum.
Per [[saeculum 19|saeculum undevicensimum]], homines chemiae[[chemia]]e et physicae[[physica]]e periti de forma et actionibus atomorum cogitabant. Anno [[1869]], [[Demetrius Mendeleev]] [[systema periodicum]] primum edidit, ubi videntur magnitudines et formae atomorum omnium elementorum. Anno [[1913]] [[Nicolaus Bohr]] exemplar formae atomorum fecit persimile ei quo iam utimur: descripsit quomodo electrona ambitus circum nucleum faciant.
== Plus ==
Si numerus [[electron]]um inaequalis [[numerus atomicus|numero]] [[proton]]um sit, non de atomo, sed de [[ion]]te dicitur.
Artes [[chemica]] et [[physica]] sunt [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiae]], quae de atomis docent: chemica docet atomos et ionta fingere molecula et alias structuras materiei; physica docet de compositione atomorum et de transmutatione atomorum (fissione vel fusione nucleorum).
== Vide etiam ==
* [[Bomba atomica]]
* [[Radioactivitas]]
== Notae ==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
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{{ CommuniaCommuniaCat|Atoms|atomum}} ▼* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost07/Isidorus/isi_et13.html Isidorus Hispalensis: De etymologiarum liber XIII De mundo et partibus ,] Caput II De Atomis ▼* [http://www.atomicarchive.com/index.shtml AtomicArchivum ArchiveAtomicu,] sive Tabulae de Atomis, historia bombae atomicaewww.atomicarchive.com▼
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