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[[Fasciculus:Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg|thumb|upright|''The Matthew,'' replica [[navis]] [[Ioannes Cabot|Ioannis Cabot]], per secundam [[navigatio]]nem ad [[Mundus Novus|Mundum Novum]] adhibitae.]]
'''Imperium Britannicum''' [[dominio]]nes, [[colonia coronae|colonias]], [[protectoratus]], [[mandatum Societatis Civitatum|mandata]], et alia [[terrirorium obnoxium|territoria]]<!--dependent t.--> temperata vel administrata a [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] comprehendit. A [[Anglicum coloniarum imperium|coloniis transmarinis]] et [[locus commercii|locis commercii]]<!--trading posts--> a [[Regnum Angliae|Regno Angliae]] [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]] exeunte et [[saeculum 17|septimo decimo]] ineunte institutis exortum est. Id summa gloria fuit [[index maximorum imperiorum|maximum]] [[imperium]] in [[historia]], et plus quam singulum saeculum fuit prima [[potestas (coniunctiones internationales)|potestas globalis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |year=[[2004]] |title=Empire, The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=0-465-02328-2}}.</ref> Usque ad [[1922]], plus quam 458 milliones [[homo|hominum]] in suam [[dicio]]nem redegerat, quintam partem numeri civium [[Tellus|orbis terrarum]] eodem tempore.<ref>[[#refMaddison2001|Maddison 2001]], pp. 98, 242.</ref> Imperium plus quam 33 700 000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometrorum quadratorum]] contexit, paene quartam partem terrestris Telluris [[area (geometria)|areae]].<ref>[[#refFerguson2004|Ferguson 2004]], p. 15.</ref><ref>[[#refElkins2005|Elkins2005]], p. 5.</ref> Evenit ut suum legatum [[civilitas|civile]], [[lex communis|legitimum]], [[lingua Anglica|linguisticum]], [[cultura Britanniarum Regni|culturale]] longe lateque diffusum esset.
[[Fasciculus:Location of the BOTs.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Quattuordecim [[Territoria Britannica Transmarina]]]]
== Imperium hodiernum ==
[[Rhodesia Australis|Rhodesia]] sub nomine [[Zimbabua]]e anno [[1980]], [[Novae Ebudae]] sub nomine [[Vanuatu]]s eodem anno, [[Hondurae Britannicae]] sub nomine [[Belizum|Belizi]] anno insequenti in civitates liberas erectae sunt. Quo facto imperium Britannicum fere omne in [[Consortio Populorum|Consortionem Populorum]] autonomorum conversa est; id quod remanet ad congeriem insularum et territoriorum parvorum reducitur. Ex his territoriis [[Insulae Falklandenses|Insulas Falklandenses]] anno [[1982]] [[Argentina]] conquirere temptavit, iam diu ab [[Imperium Hispanicum|imperio Hispanico]] revendicatas, et per aliquot menses tenuitm sed classis Britannica (prima ministra [[Margarita Thatcher]]) obsessores repulsit.<ref>[[#refJames2001|James]], pp. 624–629.</ref> Constitutio civitatis [[Canada]]e, usque adhuc sub auctoritate [[Parlamentum Britannicum|Parlamenti Britannici]] retenta, anno [[1982]] "[[Patriatio constitutionis Canadensis|patriata est]]" taliterque anno [[1986]] constitutiones [[Australia]]e et [[Nova Zelandia|Novae Zelandiae]].<ref name="refohbev594">[[#refOHBEv4|Brown]], pp. 594, 689.</ref> <!--
In September 1982, [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] [[Margaret Thatcher]] travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese government on the future of Britain's last major and most populous overseas territory, Hong Kong.<ref>[[British Empire#refBrendon|Brendon]], p. 654.</ref> Under the terms of the 1842 [[Treaty of Nanking]], [[Hong Kong Island]] itself had been ceded to Britain "in perpetuity", but the vast majority of the colony was constituted by the [[New Territories]], which had been acquired under a [[Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory|99-year lease in 1898]], due to expire in 1997.<ref>[[#refJoseph2010|Joseph]], p. 355.</ref><ref>[[#refRothermund2006|Rothermund]], p. 100.</ref> Thatcher, seeing parallels with the Falkland Islands, initially wished to hold Hong Kong and proposed British administration with Chinese sovereignty, though this was rejected by China.<ref>[[British Empire#refBrendon|Brendon]], pp. 654–55.</ref> A deal was reached in 1984—under the terms of the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]], Hong Kong would become a [[special administrative region of the People's Republic of China]], maintaining its way of life for at least 50 years.<ref>[[British Empire#refBrendon|Brendon]], p. 656.</ref> The [[Hong Kong handover ceremony|handover ceremony]] in 1997 marked for many,<ref>[[British Empire#refBrendon|Brendon]], p. 660.</ref> including [[Charles, Prince of Wales]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4740684.stm|title=Charles' diary lays thoughts bare|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=13 December 2008 |date=22 February 2006}}</ref> who was in attendance, "the end of Empire".<ref name="refohbev594"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/endofempire_overview_07.shtml|title=BBC - History - Britain, the Commonwealth and the End of Empire|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=13 December 2008}}</ref>
Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles, which were renamed the [[British Overseas Territories]] in 2002.<ref>[[#refFAC|House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report]], pp. 145–147</ref> Some are uninhabited except for transient military or scientific personnel; the remainder are self-governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]] and defence. The British government has stated its willingness to assist any Overseas Territory that wishes to proceed to independence, where that is an option.<ref>[[#refFAC|House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report, pp. 146,153]]</ref> British sovereignty of several of the overseas territories is disputed by their geographical neighbours: [[Gibraltar]] is claimed by Spain, the [[Falkland Islands]] and [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] are claimed by [[Argentina]], and the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] is claimed by [[Mauritius]] and [[Seychelles]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/io.html|title=British Indian Ocean Territory|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=CIA|accessdate=13 December 2008}}</ref> The [[British Antarctic Territory]] is subject to overlapping claims by Argentina and [[Chile]], while many countries do not recognise any territorial claims to Antarctica.<ref>[[#refFAC|House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report]], p. 136</ref>
Most former British colonies are members of [[the Commonwealth]], a non-political, [[voluntary association]] of equal members. Fifteen members of the Commonwealth continue to share their [[head of state]] with the UK, the [[Commonwealth realm]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/150757/head_of_the_commonwealth/|title=Head of the Commonwealth|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|accessdate=9 October 2010}}</ref>
Decades, and in some cases centuries, of British rule and emigration have left their mark on the independent nations that arose from the British Empire. The empire established the use of English in regions around the world. Today it is the primary language of up to 400 million people and is spoken by about one and a half billion as a first, second or foreign language.<ref>[[#refHogg|Hogg]], p. 424 chapter 9 ''English Worldwide'' by [[David Crystal]]: "approximately one in four of the worlds population are capable of communicating to a useful level in English."</ref> The spread of English from the latter half of the 20th century has been helped in part by the cultural influence of the United States, itself originally formed from British colonies. Except in Africa where nearly all the former colonies have by now adopted the [[presidential system]], the English [[parliamentary system]] has served as the template for the governments for many former colonies, and [[English law|English common law]] for legal systems.<ref>[[#refFergusonEmpire2004|Ferguson 2004]], p. 307.</ref> The British [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] still serves as the highest court of appeal for several former colonies in the Caribbean and Pacific. British [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Missionary|missionaries]] who fanned out across the globe often in advance of soldiers and [[Civil service|civil servants]] spread the [[Anglican Communion]] to all continents. British colonial architecture, such as in churches, railway stations and government buildings, continues to stand in many cities that were once part of the British Empire.<ref>[[#refMarshall|Marshall]], pp. 238–40.</ref> Individual and team sports developed in Britain—particularly [[association football|football]], [[cricket]], [[lawn tennis]] and [[golf]]—were exported.<ref>[[#refTorkildsen2005|Torkildsen]], p. 347.</ref> The British choice of system of measurement, the [[Imperial units|imperial system]], continues to be used in some countries in various ways. The convention of [[Right- and left-hand traffic|driving on the left hand side of the road]] has been retained in much of the former empire.<ref>[[#refParsons|Parsons]], p. 1.</ref>
Political boundaries drawn by the British did not always reflect homogeneous ethnicities or religions, contributing to conflicts in formerly colonised areas. The British Empire was also responsible for large migrations of peoples. Millions left the British Isles, with the founding settler populations of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland. Tensions remain between the white settler populations of these countries and their indigenous minorities, and between settler minorities and indigenous majorities in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Settlers in Ireland from Great Britain have left their mark in the form of divided [[Irish nationalism|nationalist]] and [[Unionism in Ireland|unionist]] communities in [[Northern Ireland]]. Millions of people moved to and from British colonies, with large numbers of [[Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin|Indians]] emigrating to other parts of the empire, such as [[Malaysia]] and [[Fiji]]. Chinese emigration, primarily from Southern China, led to the creation of Chinese-majority Singapore and small Chinese minorities in the Caribbean. The demographics of Britain itself was changed after the Second World War owing to [[Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922#Post-war immigration (1945-1983)|immigration to Britain]] from its former colonies.<ref>[[#refDalziel2006|Dalziel]], p. 135.</ref> -->
==Notae==
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