Vicipaedia

Quantum redactiones paginae "Gravedo" differant

Browse history interactively
← Differentia superiorDifferentia proxima →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
TjBot (disputatio | conlationes)
7 533 edits
m r2.7.2) (automaton addit: yi:פארקילונג
m ~ (1000 paginae)
Linea 1:
: {{videdis|Gravedo (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Rhinovirus.PNG|thumb|[[Rhinovirus]], causa plurimarum gravedinum]]
'''Gravedo,''' vel hodiernis vocibus [[medicina|medicis]] '''rhinitis acuta catarrhalis''' et '''nasopharyngitis''' et '''acutus rhinopharyngitis viralis''' et '''acuta coryza,''' est [[virus biologicum|viralis]] superioris [[systema respiratorium|systematis respiratorii]] [[morbus]], praecipue a [[rhinovirus|rhinoviris]] et [[coronavirus|coronaviris]] effectus.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|nine/000951572|common cold}}</ref> Ea est communissimus inter [[homo|homines]] [[morbus]].
Communes gravedinis notae sunt [[pharyngitis]], [[rhinitis]], [[congestio nasalis]], [[sternumentum]], et [[tussis]], aliquando cum [[coniunctivite]], [[myalgia]], [[fatigatio]]ne, [[lassitudo|lassitudine]], [[capitis dolor]], [[debilitas musculorum|debilitate musculorum]], impotentia [[tremor]]is, et [[anorexia]]. Extremae per gravedinem [[febris]] [[fatigatio]]que sunt rarae, licet usitatiores per [[influenza]]m, aliam superioris [[systema respiratorium|systematis respiratorii]] infectionem[[infectio]]nem, cuius notae notis gravedinis simillimae sunt (Eccles 2005), quamquam severiores (Nordenberg 1999).
 
Morbi indicia post circa [[hebdomas|septem dies]] usitate solvuntur, sed quattuordecim durare possunt, infantibus et parvulis severiores quam adultis. Quamquam morbus usitate est lenis et definitus, cui est gravedo saepe auxilium medicorum confirmatorum<!--certified = professional?--> petit, [[medicamentum libere coemptum|medicamentis libere coemptis]]<!--over-the-counter--> utitur, et interdum scholam laboremve amittit. Gravedinis societati per annum pretium magnopere remediorum sumptu et "productivitatis" amissae horis stat.
Non sunt [[antiviral]]ia ad contagionem curandam medicamenta rite approbata; omnes gravedinis medicamenta sunt exempla [[curatio pallians|curationis palliantis]], quae morbi notas solum extenuat. Etsi nonnulla remedia "alternativa," sicut [[megapotio vitamini C]], ''[[Echinacea (planta)|echinacea]],'' et [[zincum]] proposita sunt, evidentia eorum efficientiae non est robusta (American Lung Association 2005); ergo nullum ab [[Administratio Ciborum et Medicamentorum|Administratione Ciborum et Medicamentorum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''Food and Drug Administration'') vel [[Europaea Medicamentorum Administratio]]ne ([[Anglice]]: ''European Medicines Agency'') approbatum est. Ad contagionem impeditam, lavatio vel "disinfectio" manuum monstrata est efficax.<!--as this minimizes person-to-person transmission of the virus.-->
== Morbi notae ==
[[Fasciculus:Hapci-fr.gif|200px|thumb|Sternumentum saepe initium gravedinis significat.]]
Post contagionem, replicatio viralis post [[octo]] ad [[duodecim]] horas[[hora]]s incipit (Gwaltney & Hayden 2006). Morbi notae mox possunt evenire possunt, et ferme post [[duo]] ad [[quinque]] dies post contagionem, quamquam raro solum ante [[decem]] horas post contagionem (Hamilton n.d.). Primum gravedinis signum saepe est [[pharyngitis]]. Aliae notae communes sunt [[rhinorrhea]], [[congestio nasalis]], [[sternumentum]], et [[tussis]]. Haec indicia aliquando cum [[myalgia]], [[fatigatio]]ne, [[lassitudo|lassitudine]], [[capitis dolor]], [[debilitas musculorus|debilitate musculorum]], vel [[anorexia]] eveniunt (Common Cold Centre 2006); ea ferme sua sponte solvuntur post septem ad decem dies, sed nonnulla in viginti-unum dies persistunt (Heikkinen et al. 2003). Infantibus[[Infantulus|Infantulis]], puerulis[[puer]]ulis, et quibus [[tabacum|tabaco]] utuntur, morbi notae possunt esse severiores, et possunt includere [[febris|febrim]] et [[urticaria]]m (American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology n.d.; American Lung Association 2005; Canadian Lung Association 2006; Canadian Pediatric Society 2005a; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 2006; Nordenberg 1999).
== Causa et mollitia ==
Gravedo saepissime efficitur ab contagione [[unus|unius]] ex plus quam [[centum]] [[serovar]]ibus [[rhinovirus|rhinoviri]], generis [[picornavirus|picornaviri]]. Alia vira gravedines moventia sunt [[coronavirus]], [[humana parainfluenzae vira]], [[respiratorium virus syncytiale humanum]], [[adenovirus|adenovira]], [[enterovirus|enterovira]], et [[metapneumovirus]] (Clinical Knowledge Summaries Service 2007; The Merck Manual Online 2005). Quia sunt multa virorum genera distincta, quae praeterea perpetuo mutantur, nullo modo fieri potest gravedinis immunitatem consequi.
[[Fasciculus:Snowstorm.jpg|thumb|left|Exponi in caelo frigido non monstratum est probabilitatem gravidinis "captae" augere.]]
 
Inopia [[somnium|somni]] cum gravedine consociata est. Qui minus quam septem horas per [[nox|noctem]] dormiunt fuerunt tertio tanto probabilis infectionem evolvere cum ad rhinovirus expositi sunt quam qui plus quam octo horas per noctem dormiunt<!--FIX GRAMMAR: = three times as likely to develop an infection when exposed to a rhinovirus when compared to those who slept more than 8 hours per night--> (Cohen et al. 2009).
 
[[Fabula]] vetus, iam communis, docet [[homo|hominem]] gravedinem posse "capi" cum diu exponitur in [[caelum|caelo]] [[frigus|frigido]] sicut [[pluvia]] vel [[gelu]] [[hiems|hiemis]] (Zuger 2003). Quamquam gravedines sunt tempestivae (plus per hiemem evenerunt), investigationes hactenus non probaverunt exponi in caelo frigido, etiam refrigerari, augere mollitiam infectionis; quod in se habet variationem tempestivam potius ostendere mutationem morum, sicut tempus intus auctum iuxta alios (Douglas, Couch, & Lindgren 1967; Douglas, Lindgren, & Couch 1968; Dowling et al. 1958; Eccles 2002; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 2006).
Quod attinet ad causam notarum gravedinis similium, investigatores in Common Cold Centre [[Universitas Cardiff|Universitatis Cardiff]] (Common Cold Centre 2006) studium fecerunt ut temparetur hypothesis acute refrigerare [[pes|pedes]] initium notarum gravedinis efficere (Johnson 2005; Smith 2005).<!-- Investigatio measured the subjects' self-reported cold symptoms, and belief they had a cold, but not whether an actual respiratory infection developed.--> Repperit significanter{{dubsig}} maior numerus hominum refrigeratorum notas gravedinis evolvit quattuor vel quinque dies post refrigerationem. Concludit initium notarum gravedinis ab acuta [[pes|pedum]] refrigeratione effici potest. <!-- Some possible explanations were suggested for the symptoms, such as placebo, or constriction of blood vessels of the nasal passages which might lead to reduced immunity, however "further studies are needed to determine the relationship of symptom generation to any respiratory infection."
Another possibility which remains to be explored involves the role that proteins of the complement system play in the prevention of a sustained infection. Decreased temperature may result in a drop in tissue permeability and, as a result, may lead to reduced plasma leakage. Among the many proteins suspended in plasma are complement proteins (exempli gratia, C3) which serve to disable, destroy, or tag for destruction foreign particulate (in this case viral [[capsid]]s). Thus, sustained exposure to cold may inhibit the effectiveness of the complement system and allow the virus a better chance of establishing a state of infection. -->
ICAM-1, receptor ad quem rhinovirus se ligat ut [[cellula]]s inficat, numero et receptivitate{{dubsig}} multis stimulis respondens, [[pulvis|pulve]] [[pollen|pollineque]] non exclusis, augetur. Quod [[caelum]] frigidum, cum variis [[humiditas|humiditatis]] gradibus, possit esse stimulus similis est investigandum.
 
== Pathophysiologia ==
[[Fasciculus:Illu conducting passages.svg|thumb|Gravedo est morbus [[superior tractus respiratorius|superioris tractus respiratorii]] (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]]
Virus gravedinis transmittur inter homines a duobus modis transmittitur: praecipue contactu cum [[saliva]] vel secretionibus nasalibus hominis infecti, vel rectá formá [[aerosolium|aerosolii]]{{dubsig}} a tussibus sternutamentisque generata, vel ex superficiebus contaminatis (Kolata 2007). Morbi notae non requiruntur a virali effusione vel transmissione; aliqui subiecti asymptomatici vira in culturis nasalibus exhibent (Department of Health, Government of South Australia 2005).
Usitatus viri aditus est [[nasus]], sed potest esse [[oculus|oculi]], per derivationem in [[nasopharynx|nasophyringem]] et tum per [[ductus nasolacrimalis|ductum nasolacrimalem]], unde ad interiorem nasi et regionem [[adenoidum|adenoidorum]]{{dubsig}} refertur. Virus tunc se adfigit ad receptorem [[ICAM-1]], qui in superficie [[cellula]]rum membranae nasopharyngis stat, ad quam receptor in superficiali viri aditu advenit. Multi viri receptores adsunt in cellulis adenoidi. Post adfixationem ad receptorem, virus vehitur in cellulam, ubi infectio statim incipit (Gwaltney & Hayden 2007). <!--The common cold is self-limiting, and the host's [[immune system]] effectively deals with the infection. Within a few days, the body's [[humoral]] immune response begins producing specific [[antibodies]] that can prevent the virus from infecting cells. Additionally, as part of the cell-mediated immune response, [[leukocytes]] destroy the virus through [[phagocytosis]] and destroy infected cells to prevent further viral replication.--> In singulis sanis et immunocompetentibus, gravedo post [[septem]] [[dies]] <!-- +on average--> desinit (Gwaltney & Hayden 2006).
The common cold is self-limiting, and the host's [[immune system]] effectively deals with the infection. Within a few days, the body's [[humoral]] immune response begins producing specific [[antibodies]] that can prevent the virus from infecting cells. Additionally, as part of the cell-mediated immune response, [[leukocytes]] destroy the virus through [[phagocytosis]] and destroy infected cells to prevent further viral replication. In healthy, immunocompetent individuals, the common cold resolves in seven days on average (Gwaltney & Hayden 2006). -->
 
== Morbi complexiones ==
Gravedo [[infectio opportunistica|opportunisticas]] [[coinfectio]]nes vel [[superinfectio]]nes sicut [[bronchitis acutus|bronchitidem acutum]], [[bronchiolitis|bronchiolitidem]], [[croup]],{{dubsig}} [[pneumonia]]m, [[sinusitis|sinusitidem]], [[otitis media|otitidem mediam]], et [[fauces strepitantes]] generare potest.<!--strep throat--> Homines quibus sunt chronici morbi [[pulmo|nis]], sicut [[asthma]] et [[COPD]] (Anglice), sunt praecipue propensi. Gravedines acutas [[asthma]]e, [[emphysema]]e, et [[bronchitis chronicus|bronchitidis chronici]] exacerbationes efficere possunt (Clinical Knowledge Summaries Service 2007; Gwaltney & Hayden 2006; The Merck Manual Online 2005).
 
== Morbis tractatio ==
Gravedo plerumque solvitur ultro per septem ad decem dies, sed aliae notae possunt persistere ad viginti unos dies (Heikkinen et al. 2003). Absunt medicamenta vel remedia herbalia quae temporis spatium morbi certo praecidere possunt. Curatio saepe datur formá [[medicamentum|medicamenti]] doloris et aliarum notarum, ut aeger adlevetur et implicationes nocentesque [[sequelae]] circumscribantur.
===Commendationes=== <!--
Line 45 ⟶ 43:
Curationes quae notas adlevant includunt: [[analgesica]]s, [[decongestans|decongestantes]], et [[res quae tusses supprimunt]], [[antihistamina]]s generationis primae sicut [[brompheniramina]]m, [[chlorpheniramina]]m, [[diphenhydramina]]m, et [[clemastina]]m<!-- (which reduce mucus gland secretion and thus combat blocked/runny noses but also may make the user drowsy). Second-generation antihistamines do not have a useful effect on colds (Canadian Pediatric Society 2005b).-->
==== Antibiotica ====
[[Antibiotica]], quia solum [[bacteria]] oppugnant, effectum salutarem contra gravedinem non habent.
 
==== Antivirales ====
Non sunt gravedinis [[medicamentum antivirale|medicamenta antiviralia]] rite approbata.
==== Medicinae gravedinis ====
Sunt variae [[medicinae pro tussi]]bus quae postulantur notas levare. Hae medicinae [[mucolyticae|mucolyticas]]{{dubsig}}, [[expectorantes]]{{dubsig}}, [[antitussivi|antitussivos]]{{dubsig}}, [[antihistaminum|antihistamina]]{{dubsig}}, et [[anticongestantes]]{{dubsig}} includunt. Non autem commendantur pro usu puerulorum (UpToDate Inc. n.d.).
 
=== Curationes "alternativaealternae" ===
[[Fasciculus:EchinaceaPurpureaMaxima1a.UME.JPG|thumb|250px|Tinctura ''[[Echinacea purpurea|Echinaceae]]'' a multis habetur "alternativa" gravedinis curatio.]]
Multae curationes "alternativaealternae" gravedinem curare adhibentur; nulla autem a firma evidentiaindicia [[scientia|scientifica]] sustinetur (American Lung Association 2005). Etenim aliae curationes "alternativaealternae," sicut [[echinacea (planta)|echinacea]] (Bergner 1997; Turner et al. 2005), hactenus monstrantur celeritatem infectionis vel temporis spatium severitatemve notarum gravedinis non mutare (National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2005; ''New England Journal of Medicine'' 2005).
Aliae curationes "alternativaealternae" quae similiter firma evidentiaindicia [[scientia|scientifica]] carent [[calendula]] (Jimenez-Medina et al. 2006), [[zingiber]] (Jakes 2007), [[Allium sativum|allium]] (Hamel & Chiltoskey 1975), et supplementa [[vitaminum C|vitamini C]] (Cathcart 1996) sunt.
 
==Prohibitio==
Optimus gravedinem prohibendi modus est manus penitus ordinatimque lavare, et [[oculus|oculos]], [[nasus|nasum]], [[facies|faciem]] tactas vitare. Sapones[[Sapo]]nes antibacteriales virus gravedinis non adficiunt; quod particulas viri removet est mechanica manuum lautorum sapone actio (Public Health Agency Canada 2008). <!-- Anno 2002, [[Centers for Disease Control|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] recommended alcohol-based hand gels as an effective method for reducing infectious viruses on the hands of health care workers (Boyce & Pittet 2002). As with hand washing with soap and water, alcohol gels provide no residual protection from re-infection. --> Gravedo efficitur a multis viris variis efficitur, quae frequentissime per reproductionem mutantes stirpes virales quae perpetuo mutantur gignunt; prospera ergo [[immunizatio]] est non verisimilis.
== Epidemiologia ==
Infectiones in superiore tractu respiratorio sunt communissimi morbi contagiosi adultorum et adulescentium, qui duas ad [[quattuor]] infectiones respiratorias per annum patiuntur (Garibaldi 1985). Pueruli sex ad decem gravedines per annum patiuntur; pueri in scholis ad decem per annum (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 2006; Simasek & Blandino 2007).
In [[hemisphaeraHemisphaerium septentrionalisSeptentrionale|hemisphaeraHemisphaerio septentrionaleSeptentrionali]], casus gravedinum sunt [[autumnus|autumnali]] [[hiems|hiemalique]] tempore maiores, et plurimae infectiones inter mensibus Septembre Aprileque incidunt. Haec ratio tempestiva fortasse incipium anni scholastici ostendit, vel maius tempus cum homines intus iuxta alios sint, casu transmissionis viri augenti (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 2006).
 
==Etymologia et historia==
Line 83 ⟶ 81:
[[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]], nomen ''common cold'' [[saeculum 15|saeculo quinto decimo]] similiter evolvit.<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cold ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' apud www.etymonline.com] "Cold," ''Online Etymology Dictionary,'' inventum 12 Ianuarii 2008.</ref> Norman Moore in sua historia studii medicinae scripsit [[Iacobus I (rex Angliae)|Iacobum I]] Angliae gravedinibus continenter passum esse, quae a [[Polypus (medicina)|polypis]], incommodis [[sinus|sinibus]], vel [[autotoxaemia|autotoxaemiá]] effici tunc habitae sunt (Wylie 1927:81–87). [[Saeculum 18|Saeculo duodeviginti]], [[Beniaminus Franklin]] gravedinis causas prohibitionemque animadvertit; post nonnullos investigationis annos, concludit: "Homines saepe inter se gravedinem cadunt cum in parvis [[conclave|conclavibus]], [[raeda|raedis]], etc. spisse includantur, et prope conlocati conloquantur ut spiritu inter se hauriant." Quamquam vira non iam reperta erant, Franklin opinatus est gravedinem inter homines per [[aer]]em transmissam esse. Ut homines gravedinem prohibeant, commendavit exercitationem, lavationem, et in [[cibus|cibo]] [[potio]]neque continentia (American Treasures of the Library of Congress n.d.). Haec theoria de transmissione gravedinis post centum quinquaginta annos confirmata est (Andrewes et al. 1951).
 
In [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]], [[Unitas Gravedinis]] ([[Anglice]]: ''Common Cold Unit'') anno [[1946]] abs [[Consilium Investigationis Medicae]] ([[Anglice]]: ''Medical Research Council'') constituta est. Haec unitas cum voluntariis laboravit quos variis viris infecit (Schneider 2004). [[Rhinovirus]] ibi repertum est (Tyrrell 1988). Decade 195 exeunti, investigatores unum ex his rhinoviris in [[cultura carnis]] ([[Anglice]]: ''tissue culture'') aluerunt, quia in fertilibus [[pullus|pullorum]] [[ovum|ovis]] non crevit—ratio pro multis aliis viris adhibita. [[Decennium 198|Decennio 198]], haec unitas monstravit curationem cum [[interferon]] per incubationem rhinoviro contagionis morbum aliquantum prohibere (Tyrrell 1987), sed efficax curatio evolvi non potuit. Unitas clausa est anno [[1989]], duos annos postquam investgaverat proprietates [[pastilla]]rum [[gluconas zinci|gluconatis zinci]] ad gravedinum rhinovirorum prohibendam curandamque—solum prosperum medicamentum ab unitate factum (Al-Nakib 1987).
 
In [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]], gravedo facit ut 75 ad 100 milliones [[homo|hominum]] [[medicus|medicos]] per annum visant, sumptu $7.7 billionarum{{dubsig}} aestimatarum. Americani $2.9 billionas{{dubsig}} in [[medicamentum libere coemptum|medicamenta libere coempta]] insumunt, et alias $400 millionas{{dubsig}} in medicamenta praescripta pro levatione morbi notarum (Fendrick & al. 2003; Garibaldi 1985). Plus quam tertia pars quorum medicum consuluerunt [[praescriptio]]nem antibioticam acceperunt—quod adficit resistentiam{{dubsig}} antibioticam propter nimium talium medicamentorum usum (Fendrick & al. 2003). Fortasse 22 ad 189 milliona{{dubsig}} [[dies|dierum]] [[schola]]e ob gravedinem amittuntur. Parentes ergo circa 126 milliona dierum laboris amittuntur ut ei domi maneant liberosque curent. Quia homines ipsi a gravedinibus tacti circa 150 milliona dierum laboris amittunt, totus gravedinum effectus [[oeconomia|oeconomicus]] circa $20 billiona per annum excedit (Fendrick & al. 2003; Garibaldi 1985; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 2006).
 
== Investigationes scientificae ==
Societas [[Biota Holdings]] medicamentum evolvit, nunc appellatum BTA798, quod rhinovirus petit; medicamentum examina clinicalia "Phase IIa" nuper complevit.<ref name="mailonline">{{cite web| url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1043719/The-new-pill-signal-death-common-cold.html | title = The new pill that could signal the death of the common cold| publisher = ''Daily Mail'' | month = August| year = 2008| accessdate = 19 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="biotarelease">{{cite web| url = http://www.biota.com.au/uploaded/154/1021521_38hrvphaseiiastudyachieve.pdf | title = Biota Press Release | month = June| year = 2009| accessdate = 19 August 2009}}</ref> Societates [[ViroPharma]] et [[Schering-Plough]] medicamentum antiviralem, [[pleconaril]], evolvunt, quod [[Picornaviridae|picornaviridas]] petit, quae plurimas gravedines efficiunt; [[pleconaril]] iam probatum est in forma [[modus administrationis|per os administrata]] efficax (McConnell 1999; Pevear et al. 1999). [[Schering-Plough]] formulationem [[modus administrationis|per nasum administratam]] evolvit quae fortasse pauciores effectus adversos habebit (National Institutes of Health 2007).
 
Investigatores [[Universitas Terrae Mariae, College Park|Universitatis Terrae Mariae, College Park]] et [[Universitas Visconsiniae–Madison|Universitatis Visconsiniae-Madison]] [[genomum]]{{dubsig}} omnium generum virorum quae gravedinem efficiunt tabulaverunt.<ref name="CTgov">{{cite web| url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/02/12/cold.genome/| title = Genetic map of cold virus a step toward cure, scientists say| month = March| year = [[2009]]| accessdate = [[28 AprilAprilis]] [[2009]]| publisher = [[CNN]]| work = Val Willingham}}</ref>
 
==Vide etiam==
Line 97 ⟶ 95:
 
==Notae==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
==Bibliographia==
Line 152 ⟶ 150:
* Zuger, Abigail. [[2003]]. "'You'll Catch Your Death!' An Old Wives' Tale? Well. . . ." ''[[The New York Times]]'' 4 Martii. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02E1DD163FF937A35750C0A9659C8B63 '''You'll Catch Your Death!' An Old Wives' Tale? Well . . . - The New York Times'' apud query.nytimes.com], inventum 817 17 Decembris.
 
{{1000 paginae}}▼
[[Categoria:Inflammationes|Nasopharyngitis]]
[[Categoria:Morbi a concubitu sexuum transmissi]]
[[Categoria:Morbi virales]]
[[Categoria:Vira]]
▲{{1000 paginae}}
 
{{Link GA|en}}
 
Receptum de "https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravedo"