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Linea 1: [[Fasciculus:Lactose.svg\|thumb\|300px\|[[Lactosum]] est [[disaccharidum]] in [[lac]]te inventum, quod consistit in [[molecula]] [[galactosum\|D-galactosi]] et molecula [[glucosum\|D-glucosi]] ab a-1-4 [[nexus glycosidicus\|nexu glycosidico]] conligatis.]] '''Carbohydratum''' est [[compositum organicum]] formulam generalem C<sub>''m''</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>''n''</sub> habens; hoc est, carbohydratum solum consistit in [[carbonium\|carbonio]], [[hydrogenium\|hydrogenio]], et [[oxygenium\|oxygenio]], [[duo\|duabus]] ultimis in ratione [[atomus\|atomica]] 2:1. Carbohydrata ut [[hydratum\|hydrata]] carbonii suo [[nomen proprium\|nomine]] videri possunt. In ~~naturae~~[[natura]]e autem conformatione, accuratius appellantur [[aldehydum\|aldehyda]] [[polyhydroxium\|polyhydroxia]] et [[ketonum\|ketona]]. ~~Verbum~~[[Vocabulum]] ''carbohydrati'' ~~est~~ frequentissime in [[biochemia]] ~~adhibitum~~adhibitur, ubi id est vocabulum idem significans ut ''[[saccharidum]].'' Carbohydrata (saccharida) in [[quattuor]] greges [[chemia\|chemicos]] dividuntur: [[monosaccharidum\|monosaccharida]], [[disaccharidum\|disaccharida]], [[oligosaccharidum\|oligosaccharida]], et [[polysaccharidum\|polysaccharida]]. In universum, monosaccharida et disaccharida, quae sunt minora (inferiore [[pondus moleculare\|pondere moleculari]]) carbohydrata, usitate [[saccharidum\|saccharida]] appellantur.<ref>S. L. Flitsch et R. V. Ulijn. 2003, [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6920/pdf/421219a.pdf "Sugars tied to the spot."] ''Nature'' 421:219–220].</ref> ~~Verbum~~Vocabulum ''saccharidi' ex [[Graeco]] ''σάκχαρον'' '[[saccharum]]'' deducitur. Cum [[scientia\|scientificum]] carbohydratorum vocabularium sit multiplex, nomina monosaccharidorum disaccharidorumque saepissime in [[suffixum\|suffixo]] ''[[-osum]]'' simpliciter finiuntur. Exempli gratia, [[saccharum sanguineum]] est monosaccharidum [[glucosum]], saccharum mensae est disaccharidum [[sucrosum]], et saccharum in [[lac]]te est disaccharidum [[lactosum]]. == Chemia carbohydratorum == [[Chemia carbohydratorum]] est magnus et [[oeconomia\|oeconomice]] gravis [[chemia organica\|chemiae organicae]] ramus. Inter praecipuas [[reactio organica\|reactiones organicas]] quae carbohydrata tractant sunt: * [[Acetalizatio carbohydratorum]] * [[Degradatio Wohl]] Linea 15: * [[Transformatio Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein]] == Vide etiam == [[Fasciculus:starchy-foods..jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Alimenta [[frumentum\|frumento]] facta sunt copiosi multiplicum simplicumque carbohydratorum fontes.]] [[Alimentum]] [[Amylum]]▼ * [[Bioplasticum]]▼ * [[Fermentatio]]▼ * [[Gluconeogenesis]]▼ * [[Glycolipidum]]▼ * [[Glycoproteinum]]▼ * [[Glycoinformatica]]▼ * [[Macromoleculae]]▼ * [[Via pentosi phosphati]]▼ * [[Photosynthesis]]▼ [[Saccharum]]<!-- + Low-carbohydrate diet + No-carbohydrate diet--> ==Notae== ▲ [[Amylum]] <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ▲* [[Bioplasticum]] ▲* [[Fermentatio]] ▲* [[Gluconeogenesis]] ▲* [[Glycolipidum]] ▲* [[Glycoproteinum]] ▲* [[Glycoinformatica]] ▲* [[Macromoleculae]] * [[Nutritio]] ▲* [[Via pentosi phosphati]] ▲* [[Photosynthesis]] * [[Saccharum]]<!-- * [[Low-carbohydrate diet]] * [[No-carbohydrate diet]]--> == ~~Notae~~ Bibliographia== * Alton, G., M. Hasilik, R. Niehues, et al. [[1998]]. Direct utilization of mannose for mammalian glycoprotein biosynthesis. ''Glycobiology'' 8: 285–295. ~~{{Reflist\|2}}~~ Berger, V., S. Perier, C. Pachiaudi, S. Normand, P. Louisot, et A. Martin. [[1998]]. Dietary specific sugars for serum protein enzymatic glycosylation in man. ''Metabolism'' 47: 1499–1503. British Society for Allergy and Environmental Medicine. [[1996]]. Effective nutritional medicine. The application of nutrition to major health problems. ''Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine'' 6: 191–232. Freeze, H. H. [[1998]]. Disorders in protein glycosylation and potential therapy: Tip of an iceberg? ''The Journal of Pediatrics'' 133: 593–600. Lehmann, Joshen. [[1996]], [[2002]]. ''Kohlenhydrate: Chemie und Biologie.'' Ed. 2a. Stutgardiae et Novi Eboraci: Thieme. ISBN 3-13-532902-X. Lehninger, A. L., D. L. Nelson, et M. M. Cox, eds. [[1993]]. Structure and Catalysis. In ''Principles of Biochemistry,'' 252ff. Novi Eboraci: Worth Publishers. Lindhorst, Thisbe K. [[2000]]. Struktur und Funktion von Kohlenhydraten. ''Chemie in unserer Zeit'' 34(1): 38–52. ISSN 0009-2851. Macdonald, I. [[1994]]. Carbohydrates. In ''Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease,'' ed. M. E. Shils, J. A. Olson, et M. Shike, 36–44. Malvern: Lea and Febiger. Martin, A., C. Rambal, V. Berger, S. Perier, et P. Louisot. [[1998]]. Availability of specific sugars for glycoconjugate biosynthesis. A need for further investigations in man. ''Biochimie'' 80: 75–86. Ritter, Thomas K., et Chi-Huey Wong. [[2001]]. Kohlenhydrate in der Antibiotikaforschung: ein neuer Ansatz zur Resistenzbekämpfung. ''Angewandte Chemie'' 113(19): 3616–3641. ISSN 0044-8249. Zubay, G. L., W. W. Parson, et D. E. Vance. [[1995]]. ''Principles of Biochemistry.'' Dubuque Iovae: William C. Brown. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat\|Carbohydrates\|Carbohydrata}} * [http://www2.ufp.pt/~pedros/bq/carb_en.htm Carbohydrata, exemplaris "interactivis" et animationibus non exclusis]

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