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Paginam instituit, scribens '{{In progressu}} thumb|250px| [[John Everett Millais, ''The Proscribed Royalist, 1651'' (1853)]] '''Proscription''' ({{lang-la|pro...'
 
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[[Image:Millais Royalist.jpg|thumb|250px| "''[[JohnThe EverettProscribed Royalist (Millais)|The Proscribed Royalist]], '': pictura ab [[TheIoannes ProscribedEverett Royalist,Millais|Ioanne 1651Everett Millais]]'' (anno 1853) facta]]
'''Proscriptio''' in [[Roma]] antiqua fuit proclamatio publice inscripta de bonis cuiusdam venditandis. Bis saeculo I a.C.n. proscriptiones multiplices factae sunt de civibus Romanis aliquibus ut libere interficerentur:
'''Proscription''' ({{lang-la|proscriptio}}) is a term used for the public identification and official condemnation of [[enemy of the state|enemies of the state]]. It is defined by the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' as a "decree of condemnation to death or banishment" and is a heavily politically charged word, frequently used to refer to state-approved murder or persecution. ''Proscription'' implies the elimination ''en masse'' of political rivals or personal enemies, and the term is frequently used in connection with violent revolutions, most especially with the [[Reign of Terror]] in the [[French Revolution]]. The term is also used to express the political violence in [[Argentina]] against [[Peronism|Peronist]]s after [[Juan Perón|Perón]] fled into exile.
* [[Proscriptiones (82 a.C.n.)|Proscriptiones]] anno [[82 a.C.n.]] iussu [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|L. Sullae]] [[Dictator rei publicae constituendae|dictatore rei publicae constituendae]]
* [[Proscriptiones (43 a.C.n.)|Proscriptiones]] anno [[43 a.C.n.]] iussu [[Augustus (imperator)|C. Caesaris Octaviani]], [[Marcus Antonius|M. Antonii]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)|M. Aemilii Lepidi]] [[Triumviratus alter|triumvirorum]]
 
{{hist-stipula}}
== Proscription of 82 BC ==
An early instance of mass proscription took place in [[82 BC]], when [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]] was appointed ''[[Roman dictator|dictator]] [[Res publica|rei publicae]] constituendae'' ("Dictator for the Reconstitution of the [[Roman Republic|Republic]]"). Sulla proceeded to have the Senate draw up a list of those he considered enemies of the state and published the list in the [[Roman Forum]]. Any man whose name appeared on the list was ''[[ipso facto]]'' stripped of his citizenship and excluded from all protection under law; [[Bounty (reward)|reward money]] was given to any informer who gave information leading to the death of a proscribed man, and any person who killed a proscribed man was entitled to keep part of his estate (the remainder went to the state). No person could inherit money or property from proscribed men, nor could any woman married to a proscribed man remarry after his death. Many victims of proscription were decapitated and their heads were displayed on spears in the [[Roman Forum|Forum]].
 
[[Category:AncientRoma Romeantiqua]]▼
Sulla used proscription to restore the depleted [[Aerarium|Roman Treasury (''Aerarium'')]], which had been drained by costly civil and foreign wars in the preceding decade, and to eliminate enemies (both real and potential) of his reformed state and constitutions; the [[Plutocracy|plutocratic]] knights of the [[Equestrian order|Ordo Equester]] were particularly hard-hit. Giving the procedure a particularly sinister character in the public eye was the fact that many of the proscribed men, escorted from their homes at night by groups of men all named "Lucius Cornelius," never appeared again. (These men, the Sullani, were all Sulla's freedmen.) This gave rise to a general fear of being taken from one's home at night as a consequence of any outwardly seditious behaviour.
 
Sulla's proscription was bureaucratically overseen, and the names of informers and those who profited from killing proscribed men were entered into the public record. Because Roman law could criminalise acts ''[[Ex post facto law|ex post facto]]'', many informers and profiteers were later prosecuted. The procedure was overseen by his [[freedman]] steward, [[Lucius Cornelius Chrysogonus]], and was rife with corruption.
 
==Proscription of 43 BC==
Proscription was later revived by the [[Second Triumvirate]] in November [[43 BC]], again to eliminate political enemies and to replenish the Treasury. Some of the proscribed enemies of the state were stripped of their property but protected from death by their relatives in the Triumvirate (''e.g.'', [[Lucius Julius Caesar IV|Lucius Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)|Lepidus]]' brother). Most were not so lucky; amongst the most prominent men to suffer death were the orator [[Cicero]], his younger brother [[Quintus Tullius Cicero]] (one of [[Julius Caesar]]'s [[legatus|legates]]) and [[Marcus Favonius]].<ref>Cassius Dio, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/47*.html ''Roman History''], XLVII, at uchicago.edu, accessed 29 May 2009</ref>
 
== See also ==
{{wikinews|Dutch MP advocates proscription of Koran}}
* [[Damnatio memoriae]]
* [[Purge]]
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
▲[[Category:Ancient Rome]]
 
[[bg:Проскрипция]]
Receptum de "https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proscriptio"