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'''Ophir''' ([[Hebraice]] אוֹפִיר) est regio in [[Biblia]] saepius laudata. AsseveraturIn [[Liber I Regum|libro I Regum]] (fortasse saeculo V a.C.n. compositum) asseveratur regem [[Salomon]]em ad hanceam regionem e novo portu [[Asiongaber]] a se aedificato naves mercatorias misisse et ex ea [[aurum]] lignumque [[almug]] et gemmas pretiosas recepisse<ref>[[Liber I Regum]] 9.28, 10.11</ref> (quid autem contra haec dederit non liquet). Postea narratur [[Iuda|regem Iudae]] [[Iosaphat (rex Iudae)|Iosaphat]] "naves Tharsis" confecisse ut in Ophir navigarent aurumque reportarent "et ire non potuerunt, quia confractae sunt in Asiongaber".<ref>Liber I Regum 22.48</ref> Capitulo 13 [[Liber Isaiae|libri Isaiae]] (aetate incerta in hoc opere inserto) homo "rarior ac aurum ex Ophir" praedictus est; talia de auro ex Ophir et in libris [[Liber Psalmorum|Psalmorum]] et [[Liber Iob|Iob]] reperiuntur.<ref>Liber Isaiae 13.12; Liber Psalmorum 45.9; Liber Iob 22.2824, 1028.1116</ref> A scriptore [[Libri Chronicorum|librorum Chronicorum]] (fortasse saeculo IV seu III a.C.n.) additur regem [[David (rex)|David]] morientem filio Salomone aurum ex Ophir nactum dedisse ut templum construeret;<ref>[[Liber I Chronicorum]] 29.4</ref> naves etiam quae aurum ex Ophir regi Salomoni reportaverint a rege [[Hiram (Rex Tyri)|Hiram]] datas esse.<ref>[[Liber II Chronicorum]] 8.18</ref>
 
Nomen "Ophir" et in [[Liber Genesis|libro Genesi]] reperitur; ibi Ophir inter filios [[Iectan]] enumeratur e stirpe [[Sem]].<ref>Liber Genesis 10.29</ref> Regionem enim Ophir nonnulli eruditi in [[Arabia]] meridionali collocant, unde mercatura rerum pretiosarum ad [[Mesopotamia]]m et [[Syria]]m saeculo VIII a.C.n. (Salomone iam mortuo) incepisse creditur.
 
== Notae ==
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>
 
<!-- Ophir in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 10 (the [[Table of Nations]]) is said to be the name of one of the sons of [[Joktan]]. Biblical references to the land of Ophir are also found in
''[[1 Kings]] 22.48;
[[1 Chronicles]] 29:4;
[[2 Chronicles]] 8:18;
[[Book of Job]] 22:24; 28:16;
[[Psalms]] 45:9;
[[Isaiah]] 13:12''.
 
::: —[[John Masefield]], "Cargoes"
 
:: ''Quinquireme of Nineveh from distant Ophir,''
:: ''Rowing home to haven in sunny Palestine,''
:: ''With a cargo of ivory,''
:: ''And apes and peacocks,''
:: ''Sandalwood, cedarwood, and sweet white wine.''
 
===In pre-Islamic literature===
 
Details about the three of [[Joktan]]'s sons, Sheba, Ophir and Havilah, were preserved in a tradition known in divergent forms from three pre-Islamic Arabic and Ethiopic sources: the ''Kitab al-Magall'' (part of [[Clementine literature]]), the ''[[Cave of Treasures]]'', and the [[Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan]].
 
The ''Kitab al-Magall'' states that in the days of [[Reu]], a king of Saba (Sheba) named "Pharoah" annexed Ophir and Havilah to his kingdom, and "built Ophir with stones of gold, for the stones of its mountains are pure gold."
 
In the ''Cave of Treasures'', this appears as: "And the children of Ophir, that is, Send, appointed to be their king Lophoron, who built Ophir with stones of gold; now, all the stones that are in Ophir are of gold."
 
The version in the ''Conflict of Adam and Eve'' says: "Phar’an reigned over the children of Saphir [Ophir], and built the city of Saphir with stones of gold; and that is the land of Sarania, and because of these stones of gold, they say that the mountains of that country and the stones thereof are all of gold."
 
== Theorized or conjectural locations ==
Biblical scholars, archaeologists and others have tried to determine the exact location of Ophir.
 
For instance, [[Vasco da Gama]]'s companion [[Tomé Lopes]] reasoned that Ophir would have been the ancient name for [[Great Zimbabwe]] in [[Zimbabwe]], the main center of sub-African trade in gold in the Renaissance period, (contemporary still very rich area in Gold & Diamonds, next to Egoli (Johannesburg)gold valley) &mdash; despite the fact that Great Zimbabwe is a medieval structure and did not exist in the time period in which the biblical Solomon is said to have lived.
 
Although the identification of Ophir with Sofala was mentioned by [[John Milton|Milton]] in ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' (11:399-401), among many other works of literature and science, it has since been discarded{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}.
 
In the 19th century [[Max Müller]] and other scholars identified Ophir with [[Abhira]] {''see'' [[yadav]]}, at the mouth of the [[Indus River]] in modern-day [[Pakistan]]. Another possibility is the African shore of the [[Red Sea]], with the name perhaps being derived from the [[Afar (ethnicity)|Afar]] people of [[Ethiopia]], [[Eritrea]], and [[Djibouti]]. Most modern scholars still place Ophir either on the coast of either [[Pakistan]] or [[India]], in what is now [[Poovar]], or somewhere in southwest [[Arabia]] in the region of modern [[Yemen]]. This is also the assumed location of [[Sheba]]. Saudi Arabia's cradle of gold, "Mahd adh Dhahab".
 
Other assumptions vary as widely as the theorized locations of [[Atlantis]]. [[Lusitanian mythology|Portuguese mythology]] locates it in [[Ofir (Portugal)|Ofir]], a place in [[Fão]], [[Esposende]]. [[Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)]] adds a connection to "Sofir," the [[Coptic language|Coptic]] name for [[India]]. [[Josephus]] connected it with "Cophen, an Indian river, and in part of Asia adjoining to it," (''Antiquities of the Jews'' I:6), sometimes associated with a part of [[Afghanistan]].
 
In 1568 [[Alvaro Mendaña]] discovered the [[Solomon Islands]], and named them as such because he believed them to be Ophir.<ref>HOGBIN, H. In, ''Experiments in Civilization: The Effects of European Culture on a Native Community of the Solomon Islands'', New Yprk: Schocken Books, 1970 (1939), pp.7-8</ref>
 
Proponents of [[Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact|pre-Columbian connections]] between Eurasia and the Americas have suggested even more distant locations such as modern-day [[Peru]] or [[Brazil]]. Author on topics in [[alternative history]] [[David Hatcher Childress]] goes so far as to suggest that Ophir was located in [[Australia]]; proposing that the cargoes of gold, silver and precious stones were obtained from mines in the continent's north-west, and that ivory, sandalwood and peacocks were obtained in [[South Asia]] on the voyage back to [[Canaan]].<ref>Pirates and the Lost Templar Fleet ISBN 1-931882-18-5</ref>
 
In a book found in Spain entitled ''Collecion General de Documentos Relativos a las Islas Filipinas'', the author has described how to locate Ophir. According to the section "Document No. 98", dated 1519-1522, Ophir can be found by travelling from the Cape of Good Hope in Africa, to India, to Burma, to Sumatra, to Moluccas, to Borneo, to Sulu, to China, then finally Ophir. Ophir was said to be "[...] in front of China towards the sea, of many islands where the Moluccans, Chinese, and Lequios met to trade..." Jes Tirol asserts that this group of islands could not be Japan because the Moluccans did not get there, nor Taiwan, since it is not composed of "many islands." Only the present-day [[Philippines]], he says, could fit the description. Spanish records also mention the presence of Lequious (big, bearded white men, probably descendants of the [[Phoenicia]]ns, whose ships were always laden with gold and silver) in the Islands to gather gold and silver.<ref> Tirol, Jes.[http://www.boholchronicle.com/2008/dec/21/opinion2.htm Bo-ol (Bohol) was a Land of Ophir: A Theory]. ''The Bohol Chronicle Vol.LIII No.062'' December 21, 2008.</ref> Other evidence has also been pointed out suggesting that the Philippines was the biblical Ophir.<ref>[http://www.scribd.com/doc/5272897/PHILIPPINES-IS-OPHIR Philippines is Ophir]. Accessed February 16, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://vedicempire.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=26 Vedic Empire]. Retrieved on 2008-10-11.</ref><ref>Legeza, Laszlo. "Tantric Elements in pre-Hispanic Philippines Gold Art," Arts of Asia, July-Aug. 1988, pp.129-136. (Mentions gold jewelry of Philippine origin in first century CE Egypt)</ref><ref>Peralta, J.T. "Prehistoric gold ornaments from the Central Bank of the Philippines," Arts of Asia 1981, no.4, p.54.</ref>
 
 
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