Nucleus accumbens
| Nucleus accumbens (septi) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Cognitores | ||
| TA: | A14.1.09.440 | |
| Anatomia | ||
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| Situs nuclei accumbentis septi intra cerebrum humanum. | ||
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| Situs nuclei accumbentis septi intra cerebrum muris. | ||
Nucleus accumbens (septi) est grex perikaryum (somatum) imprimis neuronorum spinalium mediorum (NSM) in parte basalis telencephali situs. Axona perikaryum NSM effectus inhibentes, neurotransmissoris GABA ope, in regiones cerebri alias exercent.
Utroque cerebri hemisphaerio unus nucleus inest. Uterque nucleus ex parte mediali, nucleo, et laterali, concha, constitutus est. Simul est corporis striati pars inferior[1].
Secundum functiones suas interpositus est inter corpus amygdaloideum et nucleos basales, vias mesolimbicas dopaminericas, thalamum mediodorsalem, corticem praefrontalem, ita informationis fluxum attribuendi.
Putatur, ut munera nuclei functionibus remunerationis[2], actionum, voluptatis, et aliis animi motibus, velut dependentiae servent.
Anatomia macroscopica recensere
Attribuitur nucleus accumbens, una cum striato tubulari et tuberculo olfactorio, striato ventrali[3]. Nomen nuclei accumbentis de vicinitate partis anterioris striati regioni septali ortum est. Secundum embryologiam tamen nucleus ipse non pars striati est.
Anatomia microscopica recensere
Nucleus ex nucleo mediali et concha lateralis formatus est. Cellulae nuclei principalis accumbentis neurona spinales media (NSM) sunt: circiter 95%. Nomen neuroni spinalis medii (NSM) de aspectu suo et magnitudine emanavit: Primum multitudo spinarum dendriticarum secundum arbores dendriticas conspicue magna invenitur. Magnitudo perikarii 14 µm[4] est. Cellularum 5% interneurona sunt.
Physiologia recensere
Indita neuronorum spinalium mediorum (NMS) excitatoria, ab area tegmentali ventrali, cortice praefrontali, amygdala, hippocampo sunt[5].
Quamquam spinae dendriticae abundant, responsa electrica NSM conspicue deminuta apparent: frequentia potentialium actionum vix 1 Hz superet. Insuper cellulis canales kalii "rimosi" sunt, quod polaritatem electricam membranaceam augeat. Praeterea NSM plasticitatem membranaceam ostendunt[6]. Nucleo accumbente, superficiebus NSM receptoria dopamini, aut D1 aut D2, inveniuntur, quod dividuuntur neurona in greges duos, ita edita itinera et directum et indirectum instituendi:
- NMS receptoriis D1 → edita directa
- NSM receptoriis D2 → edita indirecta
Indita ab area tegmentali ventrali recensere
Neurona dopaminergica ab area tegmentali ventrali (ATV) mesencephali anterioris et nucleo centrali nucleorum raphes in complexum nuclei accumbentis et tuberculi olfactorii[7]:
- Area tegmentalis ventralis, pars posteriormedialis & nucleus centralis ncc. raphes → Concham nc. accumbentis & tuberculum olfactorium
Indita convergentia ab cortice praefrontali recensere
Concha nuclei accumbentis indita convergentia ab cortice praefrontali medialis (CPFm) accipit[8]:
- Cortex praefrontalis medialis → Concham (medialis) nuclei accumbentis
Convergentia causa informationem ex CPFm in nucleo accumbente coagmentari videtur. Putatur, ut fibrae nervales praefrontales in nucleum accumbentem missae relapsum ad dependentiam cocaini referant.
Edita directa et indirecta recensere
Iter directum in mesencephali substantiam nigram et aream tegmentalem ventralem currit. Neuronis itineris directi receptoria dopaminergica D1, dynorphini, et substantiae P sunt.
Iter indirectum primum in pallidum et hypothalami structuras, postea in mesencephalon currit. Cellulae nervales itineris indirectem autem receptoria dopaminergica D2, receptoria adenosini 2A (2A2), et enkephalinum exprimunt.
Historia investigationum nuclei accumbentis recensere
Anno 1954 OLDS and MILLER aream nuclei septales centrum voluptatis descripserunt[9].
Notae recensere
- ↑ Mavridis I. (Oct—Dec 2015). "The role of the nucleus accumbens in psychiatric disorders". Psychiatriki 25 (4): 282-94
- ↑ Kupchik Y. M., Kalivas P. W. (Ian 2017). "The Direct and Indirect Pathways of the Nucleus Accumbens are not What You Think". Neuropsychopharmacology 42 (1): 369-70
- ↑ Wright K. N., Wesson D. W. (Ian 2021). "The tubular striatum and nucleus accumbens distinctly represent reward-taking and reward-seeking". Journal of neurophysiology 125 (1): 166-83
- ↑ Neuroni perikaryon parvum: circiter 5 µm; magnum: circiter 100 µm
- ↑ O'Donnell P., Grace A. A. (Mai 1995). "Synaptic interactions among excitatory afferents to nucleus accumbens neurons: hippocampal gating of prefrontal cortical input". The journal of neuroscience 15 (5 Pt 1): 3622-39
- ↑ Ishikawa M., Mu P., Moyer J. T., Wolf J. A., Quock R. M., Davies N. M., Hu X.-T., Schlüter O. M., Dong Y. (Mai 2009). "Homeostatic synapse-driven membrane plasticity in nucleus accumbens neurons". The journal of neuroscience 29 (18): 5820-31
- ↑ Ikemoto S. (Nov 2007). "Dopamine reward circuitry: two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex". Brain research reviews 56 (1): 27-78
- ↑ Wright K. N., Dossat A. M., Strong C. E., Sailer L. L., Pavlock S. M., Kabbaj M. (Nov 2018). "Optogenetic inhibition of medial prefrontal cortex projections to the nucleus accumbens core and methyl supplementation via L-Methionine attenuates cocaine-primed reinstatement". Integrative zoology 13 (6): 795-803
- ↑ Olds J., Miller P. (Dec 1954). "Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain". Journal of comparative and physiological psychology 47 (6): 419-27
Nexus interni
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