Quantum redactiones paginae "Mutualismus" differant

 

'''Mutualismus''' est coniunctio [[symbiosis|symbiotica]] inter duos [[organismus|organismos]], ubi uterque beneficium [[habilitas (biologia)|habilitatis]] lucratur, exempli gratia habilitatem superesse. Coniunctiones similes intra [[species|speciem]] appellantur [[cooperatio (evolutio)|cooperatio]]. Mutualismus cum [[certamen interspecificum|certamine interspecifico]] discrepat, in quo uterque species habilitatem imminutam experitur, et cum [[exploitatio (ecologia)|exploitatione]], in quo quaedam species beneficia incommodo aliae lucratur. Mutualismus et [[symbiosis]] aliquando tractantur si sint synonymi, sed hoc accurate est falsum: symbiosis est lata categoria, quae coniunctiones mutualistica, [[parasitismus|parasitica]], vel [[commensalismus|commensales]] comprehendit. Mutualismus solum est quoddam harum coniunctionum genus.

Mutualismus partes graves in [[oecologia]] et [[biologia evolutionaria]] agit. Exempli gratia, coniunctiones mutualisticae sunt graves pro operatione [[oecosystema]]tis terrestris, quoniam plus quam 70% [[planta]]rum terrestrium coniunctionibus [[mycorrhiza|mycorrhizosis]] cum [[fungus|fungis]] confidunt ut composita inorganica et [[elementum|elementa]] [[minerale|mineralia]] adipiscantur. Praeterea, mutualismus [[evolutio]]nem multum [[biologia|biologicae]] mundi diversitatis pepulit, sicut formas [[flos|florum]] (graves pro multis [[pollinatio]]nis mutualismis) et [[coevolutio]]nem inter greges specierum (Thompson 2005). Nihilominus, mutualismus minus quam [[praedatio]], [[parasitismus]], et aliae coniunctiones interspecificae investigatus est (Begon et al. 1996; Bronstein 1994). <!--PLUS IN EN: -->

 

* [[Coadaptatio]]

* [[Coevolutio]]

* [[Symbiogenesis]]

 

*Begon, M., J. L. Harper, et C. R. Townsend. [[1996]]. ''[[Ecology: individuals, populations, and communities]].'' Editio tertia. [[Cantabrigia (Massachusetta)|Cantabrigiae]]: Blackwell Science Ltd.

* Boucher, D. G., S. James, et K. Kresler. [[1984]]. "The ecology of mutualism." ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics'' 13:315–347.

* Breton, Lorraine M., et John F. Addicott. [[1992.]] "Density-Dependent Mutualism in an Aphid-Ant Interaction." ''[[Ecology (diurnum)|Ecology]]'' 73(6):2175–2180.

* Bronstein, J. L. [[1994]]. "Our current understanding of mutualism." ''[[Quarterly Review of Biology]]'' 69(1):31–51.

* Jahn, Gary C., J. W. Beardsley, et H. González-Hernández. [[2003]]. [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/95/1/36_9-28.pdf A review of the association of ants with mealybug wilt disease of pineapple.] Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 36:9–28. ISSN 0073-134X.

* Noe, R., et P. Hammerstein. [[1994]]. "Biological markets: supply and demand determine the effect of partner choice in cooperation, mutualism and mating." ''[[Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology]]'' 35:1–11. ISSN 0340-5443.

* Paszkowski, U. [[2006]]. "Mutualism and parasitism: the yin and yang of plant symbioses." ''[[Current Opinion on Plant Biology]]'' 9(4):364–370. PMID 16713732.

* Porat, D., et N. E. Chadwick-Furman. [[2004]]. "Effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones:expansion behavior, growth, and survival." ''Hydrobiologia'' 530:513–520.

* Porat, D., et N. E. Chadwick-Furman. [[2005]]. "Effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones: ammonium uptake,zooxanthella content and tissue regeneration." ''Mar. Freshw. Behav. Phys.'' 38:43–51.

 

== Further reading ==

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