Quantum redactiones paginae "Polynesia" differant

'''Polynesia''' ([[Lingua Graeca|Graece]]: ''πολύς'' 'multi' + ''νῆσος'' 'insula') est regio [[Oceania|Oceanica]], quae plusquam mille insularum in [[Oceanus Pacificus Centralis|Oceano Pacifico Centrali]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus Australis|Australi]] amplectitur.

 

 

Polynesia universe consistit in insulis intus in [[Triangulum Polynesium|Triangulo Polynesio]]. Terminus ''Polynesia'' abs [[Carolus de Brosses|Carolo de Brosses]] anno [[1756]] primum adhibitus est. <!--, and originally applied to all the [[Pacific islands|islands of the Pacific]]. [[Iulius Dumont d'Urville]] in acroasi anni [[1831]] to the Geographical Society of Paris proposed a restriction on its use.

 

 

==Historia==<!--

 

 

Polynesia in duas distinctas classes culturales divitur: [[Polynesia Orientalis|Polynesiam Orientalem]] et [[Polynesia Occidentalis|Polynesiam Occidentalem]].<!-- The culture of West Polynesia is conditioned to high populations. It has strong institutions of marriage and well-developed judicial, monetary and trading traditions. It comprises the groups of [[Tonga]], [[Niue]], [[Samoa]] and the northwestern [[Polynesian outlier]]s.

 

Religion, [[farming]], [[fishing]], weather prediction, out-rigger canoe (similar to modern [[catamaran]]s) construction and [[navigation]] were highly developed skills because the population of an entire island depended on them. Trading of both luxuries and mundane items was important to all groups. Many low-lying islands could suffer severe famine if their gardens were poisoned by the salt from the storm-surge of a hurricane. In these cases fishing, the primary source of protein, would not ease loss of [[food energy]]. Navigators, in particular, were highly respected and each island maintained a house of navigation with a canoe-building area.

 

 

However, New Zealand demonstrates the opposite; large volcanic islands with fortified villages.

With the exception of New Zealand, the majority of independent Polynesian islands derive much of their income from foreign aid and remittances from those who live in other countries. Some encourage their young people to go where they can earn good money to remit to their stay-at-home relatives. Many Polynesian locations, such as Easter Island, supplement this with tourism income.<ref>{{cite web | title=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island | url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island | accessdate=November 18 | accessyear=2005 }}</ref> Some have more unusual sources of income, such as Tuvalu which marketed its '[[.tv]]' internet top-level domain name<ref>{{cite web | title=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tuvalu | url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tuvalu | accessdate=November 18 | accessyear=2005 }}</ref> or the Cooks that relied on [[Postage stamp|stamp]] sales. A very few others still live as they did before Western Civilization encountered them.-->

 

At a time when [[Europe]]an [[sailors]] were [[navigation|navigating]] by keeping a watch for the shoreline in daylight, Polynesians were navigating a vast extent of the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Polynesia comprised islands diffused throughout a triangular area with sides of four thousand miles. The area from the Hawaiian Islands in the north, to Easter Island in the east and to New Zealand in the south was all settled by Polynesians. From a single chicken bone recovered from the archaeological site of El Arenal-1, on the Arauco Peninsula, Chile, recent research of a radiocarbon date and an ancient DNA sequence indicates that Polynesian navigators also reached the Americas at least 100 years before Europeans, introducing chickens to South America.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/05/science/05chic.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&oref=slogin&adxnnlx=1181091707-e+ZDVqnF+pbc2icNHD+SfQ First Chickens in Americas Were Brought From Polynesia], by John Noble Wilford, New York Times, June 5, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/104/25/10335 Radiocarbon and DNA evidence for a pre-Columbian introduction of Polynesian chickens to Chile], by Alice A. Storey, ''et al.'', PNAS, June 19th, 2007.</ref>

 

"The following DNA evidence will help clarify the division between Polynesians, Melanesians and Micronesians.(S. W. Serjeantson “The Colonization of the Pacific – A Genetic Trail 1989 pp 135,162-163,166-7) "The following genes set them apart: Polynesians lack HLA-B27 , whereas it is common amongst Melanesians. Polynesians have had little contact with Micronesians. There are only a limited number of similarities in the HLA system. It is clear that Micronesia has had an independent source of HLA genes, probably from the Philippines, as indicated by the high frequency of HLA-Bw35 which is absent from Melanesian and Polynesian groups. HLA-B13, B18 and B27 are found throughout Melanesia. These antigens are sporadic in Western Polynesia and are essentially absent from the populations of Eastern Polynesia. The few sporadic occurrences are attributable to recent foreign admixture. These antigens are also rarely found in Micronesia. HLA-A11 and B40 are significantly associated with each other in Melanesia, but are not linked in Polynesian Populations. HLA data cannot support the theory of Polynesian evolution within Melanesia. Gene frequency distributions, as well as linkage relationships, clearly place Maoris of New Zealand in the Eastern Polynesian branch, together with Hawaiians and Easter Islanders. The HLA-A-B linkage relationships seen in Hawaiians are present also in Maoris and are consistent with a split in these populations 1,000 years ago." For more information on this, see ( http://users.on.net/~mkfenn/page5.htm and http://users.on.net/~mkfenn/page6.htm ).-->

 

 

* [[Niue]], civitas libera cum [[Nova Zelandia]] libere associata

* [[Samoa]], civitas libera

* [[Uvea et Futuna]], territorium [[Francia]]e

 

* [[Anuta]], insula in [[Insulae Salomonis|Insulis Salomonis]]

* [[Bellona (insula)|Bellona]], insula in [[Insulae Salomonis|Insulis Salomonis]]

* [[Emae]], in [[Vanuatu]]

* [[Luangiua]], atollum in [[Insulae Salomonis|Insulis Salomonis]]

* Mele-Fila: [[Mele (Vanuatu)|Mele]], vicus, et [[Fila]], insula, in [[Vanuatu]]

* [[Pileni]], insula in [[Insulae Salomonis|Insulis Salomonis]]

* [[Rennell]], insula in [[Insulae Salomonis|Insulis Salomonis]]

* [[Sikaiana]], atollum in [[Insulae Salomonis|Insulis Salomonis]]

* [[Taku]], atollum in [[Papua Nova Guinea]]

* [[Tikopia]], insula in [[Papua Nova Guinea]]

 

* [[Havaii|Havaiʻi]], civitas [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Foederatarum Americae Civitatum]]

* [[Insulae Cook]], civitas libera cum [[Nova Zelandia]] libere associata

* [[Pitcairn Insulae]], territorium [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicum]]

* [[Polynesia Francica]], territorium [[Francia|Francicum]]

 

* [[Index Polynesiorum notabilium]]

* [[Linguae Polynesiae]]

<references/>-->

 

*Finney, Ben R. [[1976]]. New, Non-Armchair Research. In Ben R. Finney (1963), ''Pacific Navigation and Voyaging.'' The Polynesian Society.

*Finney, Ben R., ed. [[1976]]. ''Pacific Navigation and Voyaging.'' The Polynesian Society.

*Lewis, David. [[1976]]. A Return Voyage Between Puluwat and Saipan Using Micronesian Navigational Techniques. In Ben R. Finney (1963), ''Pacific Navigation and Voyaging.'' The Polynesian Society.

*Sharp, Andrew. [[1963]]. ''Ancient Voyagers in Polynesia.'' Longman Paul.

 

{{Wiktionary}}

*[http://www.southpacific.org/ South Pacific Organizer]

*[http://www.tritonfilms.com/lewisreview.htm Lewis commenting on ''Spirits of the Voyage'']

*[http://www.abc.net.au/gnt/history/Transcripts/s1066068.htm Interview with David Lewis]

*[http://www.tropic-island.net/gallery/album.php?id_album=12 Photogallery - French Polynesia (Tahiti, Moorea, Motu Tiahura)]

 

[[Categoria:Polynesia]]

 

[[ar:بولنيسيا]]