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'''Gulielmus Penn''' (''William Penn''; 1644 - 1718) fuit conditor et "solus proprietarius" [[Provincia Pennsylvania|provinciae Pennsylvaniae]] quae hodie est civitas [[Pennsylvania]] [[C. F. A.|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]].
{{In progressu}}
<!--'''William Penn''' ([[October 14]] [[1644]] &ndash; [[July 30]] [[1718]]) was founder and "Absolute Proprietor" of the [[Province of Pennsylvania]], the [[England|English]] [[North America]]n [[colony]] and the future [[U.S. state]] of [[Pennsylvania]]. He was known as an early champion of democracy and religious freedom and famous for his treaty with the [[Lenape]] Indians.
 
== Vita ==
Well ahead of his time, Penn wrote and urged for a Union of all the [[British colonization of the Americas|English colonies]] in what was to become the [[United States|United States of America]]. The democratic principles that he set forth in the Pennsylvania [[Frame of Government|Frame(s) of Government]] served as an inspiration for the [[United States Constitution]]. As a [[pacifist]] [[Quaker]], Penn considered the problems of war and peace deeply, and included a plan for a [[United States of Europe]], "European Dyet, Parliament or Estates," in his voluminous writings.
Gulielmus Penn natus est [[Londinium|Londinii]] die [[14 Octobris]] [[1644]]. Fuit alumnus [[Aedes Christi (Oxonia)|Aedis Christi]] [[Universitas Oxoniensis|universitatis Oxoniensis]] et [[Academia Salmuriensis|academiae Salmuriensis]]. Mortuus est [[30 Iulii]] [[1718]].
 
==Early lifeOpera ==
*''The Sandy Foundation Shaken'' (1668)
Penn was born in London in 1644, the son of [[Admiral Sir William Penn]] and Margaret Jasper, the daughter of a [[Rotterdam]] merchant. His father served in the [[Royal Navy]] (controlled by parliament) during the [[English Civil War]] and was rewarded by [[Oliver Cromwell]] with estates in [[Ireland]]. Later, though, his father took part in the restoration of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] and was knighted by him. Penn was educated at [[Chigwell School]], by private tutors in Ireland and then at [[Christ Church, Oxford]].<ref>"William Penn", Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.
Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2007.</ref>
 
== Religious beliefs==
Although born into a distinguished [[Anglican Communion|Anglican]] family, Penn joined the [[Religious Society of Friends]], or Quakers, at the age of 22. Quakers obey the "[[inner light]]", which they believe to be directly from [[God]], refuse to take up arms, and historically refused to bow or take off their hats to any man. Penn was a close friend of [[George Fox]], the founder of the Quakers, and in 1696 was married in an earlier building on the site of [[Quakers Friars]] in [[Bristol]].<ref name="Brace">{{cite book |last=Brace |first=Keith |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Portrait of Bristol |year=1996 |publisher=Robert Hale |location=London |isbn=0709154356 }}</ref> These were times of turmoil, just after [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s death, and the Quakers were suspected as heretics because of their principles which differed from the state-imposed religion and because of their refusal to swear oaths of loyalty to Cromwell or the King. Quakers obeyed the command of Jesus not to swear, reported in the [[Gospel of Matthew]], 5:34.
 
Penn's views were extremely distressing to his father, [[Admiral Sir William Penn]], who hoped that Penn's charisma and intelligence would be able to win him favor at the court of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. In 1668, Penn was imprisoned for writing a tract (''The Sandy Foundation Shaken'') which attacked the doctrine of the trinity.
 
Penn traveled frequently with George Fox, through Europe and England, in their ministry. He also wrote a comprehensive, detailed explanation of Quakerism along with a testimony to the character of George Fox, in his introduction to the autobiographical ''Journal of George Fox.''<ref>[http://www.hallvworthington.com/wjournal/journalintro.html Journal of George Fox] (retrieved September 25, 2007)</ref>
 
==Persecutions==
Penn had his earliest religious experience at Chigwell School. Thereafter, young Penn's religious views effectively exiled him from English society;he was sent down (expelled) from Christ Church, Oxford for being a Quaker, and was arrested several times. Among the most famous of these was the trial following his arrest with William Meade for preaching before a Quaker gathering. Penn pleaded for his right to see a copy of the charges laid against him and the laws he had supposedly broken, but the judge, the [[Lord Mayor of London]], refused&mdash;even though this right was guaranteed by the law.
 
Despite heavy pressure from the Lord Mayor to convict the man, the jury returned a verdict of "not guilty". The Lord Mayor then told the jury, "If that be your verdict, your verdict be damned." and not only had Penn sent to jail again (on a charge of contempt of court), but also the full jury. The members of the jury, fighting their case from prison, managed to win the right for all English juries to be free from the control of judges and to judge not just the facts of the case, but the law itself.<ref name="Lehman">{{cite book |last=Lehman |first=Godfrey |authorlink=|coauthors=|title=The Ordeal of Edward Bushell |year=1996 |publisher=Lexicon |isbn=9781879563049}}</ref> This case was one of the more important trials that shaped the future concept of American freedom (''see [[jury nullification]]'') and was a victory for the use of the writ of [[habeas corpus]] as a means of freeing those unlawfully detained. The persecution of Quakers became so fierce that Penn decided that it would be better to establish a new, free, Quaker settlement in North America. Some Quakers had already moved to North America, but the [[New England]] [[Puritan]]s, especially, were as hostile towards Quakers as Anglicans in England were, and some of the Quakers had been banished to the [[Caribbean]].
 
==The founding of Pennsylvania==
{{Unreferenced|section|date=May 2007}}
[[Image:William Penn - The First Draft of the Frame of Government - c1681.jpg|thumb|First Draft of the ''Frame of Government'', Pennsylvania's first constitution written by Penn (c. 1681)]]
In 1677, a group of prominent Quakers that included Penn received the colonial province of West New Jersey (half of the current state of [[New Jersey]]). That same year, two hundred settlers from the towns of [[Chorleywood]] and [[Rickmansworth]] in [[Hertfordshire]] and other towns in nearby [[Buckinghamshire]] arrived, and founded the town of [[Burlington, New Jersey|Burlington]]. Penn, who was involved in the project but himself remained in [[England]], drafted a [[Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges|charter of liberties]] for the settlement. He guaranteed free and fair [[trial by jury]], [[freedom of religion]], freedom from unjust imprisonment and free elections.
 
King Charles II of England had a large loan from Penn's father, after whose death, King Charles settled by granting Penn a large area west and south of New Jersey on [[March 4]] [[1681]]. Penn called the area ''Sylvania'' (Latin for ''woods''), which Charles changed to ''Pennsylvania'' in honor of the elder Penn. Perhaps the king was glad to have a place where religious and political outsiders (like the Quakers, or the Whigs, who wanted more influence for the people's representatives) could have their own colony, far away from England. One of the first counties of Pennsylvania was called [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bucks County]], named after Buckinghamshire (Bucks) in England, the Penn family seat and original home of many of the first settlers.
 
The freedom of religion in Pennsylvania (complete freedom of religion for everybody who believed in God) brought not only English, Welsh, German and Dutch Quakers to the colony, but also [[Huguenots]] (French [[Protestant]]s), Mennonites, Amish, Catholics, [[Lutheran]]s from Catholic German states, and [[Jews]]. His ideas were later studied by [[Benjamin Franklin]] as well as the pamphleteer of the [[American Revolution]], [[Thomas Paine]], whose father was a Quaker. Among Penn's legacies is the unwillingness to force a Quaker majority upon Pennsylvania; he may have wished it but his officials (including in the first Provincial Assembly) were representative of the Dutch, German, Finnish and Swede settlers as much as of the members of the Society of Friends (Quakers).
 
Penn had hoped that Pennsylvania would be a profitable venture for himself and his family. Penn marketed the colony throughout Europe in various languages and, as a result, settlers flocked to Pennsylvania. Despite Pennsylvania's rapid growth and diversity, the colony never turned a profit for Penn or his family. In fact, Penn would later be imprisoned in England for debt and, at the time of his death in 1718, he was penniless.
 
[[Image:Wampum William Penn Great Treaty.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Wampum belt given to William Penn at the "Great Treaty" in 1682]]
From 1682 to 1684 Penn lived in the Province of Pennsylvania. Penn designed [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] ("Brotherly Love") and conceived of it as a "greene Country Towne". His design for the city was in a rectangular grid with large lots, dividing the city into four quadrants.<ref name=forrest>[http://xroads.virginia.edu/~cap/PENN/pnplan.html Forrest, T. J., William Penn, Visionary Proprietor]</ref> After the building plans for the city had been completed, and Penn's political ideas had been put into a workable form, Penn explored the interior. He befriended the local Indians (primarily of the Lenni [[Lenape]], which Europeans referred to as the 'Delaware' tribe), and ensured that they were paid fairly for their lands. Penn even learned several different Indian languages in order to communicate in negotiations without interpreters. Penn introduced laws saying that if a European did an Indian wrong, there would be a fair trial, with an equal number of people from both groups deciding the matter. His measures in this matter proved successful: even though later colonists did not treat the Indians as fairly as Penn and his first group of colonists had done, colonists and Indians remained at [[peace]] in Pennsylvania much longer than in the other English colonies.
 
Penn began construction of [[Pennsbury Manor]], his intended country estate in [[Bucks County]] on the right bank of the [[Delaware River]], in 1683.
 
[[Image:Penn capitol frieze.jpg|thumb|150px|Penn's Treaty with the Indians, from [[US Capitol Rotunda]].]]Penn also made a treaty with the Indians at Shackamaxon (near Kensington in Philadelphia) under an [[elm]] tree. A park (Penn Treaty Park) and a monument mark the site where the Treaty took place, as well there is an online museum that documents the treaty (see the external links below under Penn Treaty Museum)
 
Penn chose to acquire lands for his colony through business rather than conquest. He paid the Indians 1200 pounds for their land under the treaty, an amount considered fair. [[Voltaire]] praised this "Great Treaty" as "the only treaty between those people [Indians and Europeans] that was not ratified by an oath, and that was never infringed." Many regard the Great Treaty as a myth that sprung up around Penn. However, the story has had enduring power. The event has taken iconic status and is commemorated in a frieze on the [[United States Capitol]] (see image at right).
 
Penn visited America once more, in 1699. In those years, he put forward a plan to make a federation of all English colonies in America. There have been claims that he also fought [[slavery]], but that seems unlikely, as he owned and even traded slaves himself. However, he did promote good treatment for slaves, and other Pennsylvania Quakers were among the earliest fighters against slavery.
 
Penn had wished to settle in Philadelphia himself, but financial problems forced him back to England in 1701. His financial advisor, Philip Ford, had cheated him out of thousands of pounds, and he had nearly lost Pennsylvania through Ford's machinations. The next decade of Penn's life was mainly filled with various court cases against Ford. He tried to sell Pennsylvania back to the English Crown, but, while the deal was still being discussed, Penn suffered a [[stroke]], in 1712, after which he was unable to speak or take care of himself.
 
Penn died, in 1718, at his home in [[Ruscombe]], near [[Twyford, Berkshire|Twyford]] in [[Berkshire]], and was buried next to his first wife in the cemetery of the [[Jordans]] Quaker meeting house near [[Chalfont St Giles]] in Buckinghamshire in England.
 
His family retained ownership of the colony of Pennsylvania until the [[American Revolution]]. However, William's son and successor, [[Thomas Penn]], fought to restrict religious freedom (particularly for [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] and later [[Quakers]]), weaken or eliminate the elected assembly's power, and run the colony instead through his appointed governors &mdash; he was a bitter opponent of [[Benjamin Franklin]] and Franklin's push for greater democracy in the years leading up to the revolution.
 
==Family==
Penn first married Gulielma Maria Springett (1644-1694), daughter of William S. Springett and Lady Mary Proude Penington. They had three sons and four daughters.
 
His second marriage was to [[Hannah Callowhill Penn|Hannah Margaret Callowhill]] (1671-1727), daughter of Thomas Callowhill and Anna (Hannah) Hollister. William Penn married Hannah when she was 24 and he was 52. They had eight children in twelve years. The first two children had died in infancy. The other children were:
 
* John Penn (1699-1746), never married.
* [[Thomas Penn]] (1702-1775), married Lady Juliana Fermore, fourth daughter of Thomas, first [[Earl of Pomfret]].
* Margaret Penn (b. 1704)
* Richard Penn (1706-1771)
* Dennis Penn (b. 1707, d. before 1727)
* Hannah Penn (b. 1708)
 
Penn's family line still resides in England, America and Australia.
 
==Posthumous Honors==
[[Image:Philadelphia City Hall-zoom.JPG|thumb|left|215px|Bronze statue of William Penn atop Philadelphia City Hall]]On [[November 28]], [[1984]] [[Ronald Reagan]], upon an [[Act of Congress]] by Presidential Proclamation 5284 declared William Penn and his second wife, [[Hannah Callowhill Penn]], each to be an [[Honorary Citizen of the United States]].<ref>[http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1984/112884a.htm Proclamation of Honorary US Citizenship for William and Hannah Penn] by President Ronald Reagan (1984)</ref>
 
There is a widely told, probably apocryphal, story that one time when Fox and Penn met, Penn expressed concern over wearing a sword (a standard part of dress for people of Penn's station), and how this was not in keeping with Quaker beliefs. George Fox responded, "Wear it as long as thou canst." Later, according to the story, Penn again met Fox, but this time without the sword; Penn said, "I have taken thy advice; I wore it as long as I could."{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
 
There is a [[statue]] of William Penn atop [[Philadelphia City Hall]], sculpted by [[Alexander Milne Calder]]. At one time, there was a [[gentlemen's agreement]] that no building should be higher than Penn's statue. [[One Liberty Place]] was the first of several buildings in the late 1980s to be built higher than Penn. The statue is referenced by the so-called [[Curse of Billy Penn]]. A lesser-known statue of Penn is located at [[Penn Treaty Park]], on the site where Penn entered into his treaty with the Lenape. In 1893, Hajoca Corporation, the nation's largest privately held wholesale distributor of plumbing, heating and industrial supplies, adopted the statue as its trademark symbol.
 
A common misconception is that the smiling [[Quaker Oats Company#Logo & Quakers|Quaker logo]] shown on boxes of [[Quaker Oats]] is a depiction of William Penn, but the [[Quaker Oats Company]] has stated that this is not true.
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
 
==External links==
{{wikisource}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=717 Lesson Plan: William Penn's Peaceable Kingdom]
*[http://williampenn.org William Penn Appleton and Klos Biography]
*[http://www.antiquebooks.net/readpage.html#penn The Life of William Penn] by M. L. Weems, 1829. Full-text free to read and search version of Tim Unterreiner biography from 1829 original published in Philadelphia.
*[http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/PENN/pnhome.html William Penn, Visionary Proprietor] by Tuomi J. Forrest, at the University of Virginia
*''[http://www.quaker.org/wmpenn.html William Penn, America's First Great Champion for Liberty and Peace]'' by Jim Powell
*[http://www.quakerinfo.com/quakpenn.shtml William Penn] by Bill Samuel
*[http://www.pym.org/exhibit/p078.html Penn's Holy Experiment: The Seed of a Nation]
*[http://www.accessible.com/amcnty/DE/Delaware/delaware8.htm "William Penn and his Government"], ''History of Delaware, 1609-1888'' (1888) by Tim Unterreiner
*[http://www.gwyneddfriends.org/penntower.html Penn in the Tower of London]
*[http://www.offtolondon.com/hiddenlondoncopy/william_penn.html Hidden London] Penn in the Tower
*[http://www.quaker.org/ Quaker.org] - many links on Quaker subjects
*[http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/penn.html original version of this article] (copied with permission)
*[http://www.mises.org/story/1865 "Pennsylvania's Anarchist Experiment: 1681-1690,"] Prof. Murray N. Rothbard, excerpt from ''Conceived in Liberty'', Vol. 1 (Auburn, Alabama: The [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]], 1999)
*{{Find A Grave|id=802}}
*[http://www.penntreatymuseum.org Penn Treaty Museum]
 
===Penn's works online===
*''[http://www.tractassociation.org/TrueSpiriutalLiberty.htm True Spiritual Liberty]'' (1681)
*''[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1682penn-solitude.html Some Fruits of Solitude In Reflections And Maxims]'' (1682)
*''[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa04.htm Frame Of Government Of Pennsylvania]'' (1682) From the Avalon Project, Yale Law School.
*[http://www.qhpress.org/quakerpages/qwhp/pp340.htm LetterEpistula toad his wife, Gulielmamulierem] (1682)
*[http://www.qhpress.org/quakerpages/qwhp/q1718b.htm Early Quaker writings] contains several documents by Penn and his wife.
*''[http://www.tractassociation.org/AKey.html A Key]'' (1692)
*''[http://olldownload.libertyfund.org/Texts/LFBooks/Penn0200/PDFs/0479_Pt13_Peace.pdf An Essay Towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe by the Establishment of an European Dyet, Parliament or Estates]'' (1693)
*[http://www.strecorsoc.org/penn/pcr_intr.html Primitive Christianity Revived] (1696)
*[http://www.hallvworthington.com/wjournal/journalintro.html PrefacePraefatio toin ''Journal of George Fox's Journal'] (1694)
*''[http://www.strecorsoc.org/penn/pcr_intr.html Primitive Christianity Revived]'' (1696)
*[http://olldownload.libertyfund.org/Texts/LFBooks/Penn0200/PDFs/0479_Pt13_Peace.pdf An Essay towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe by the Establishment of an European Dyet, Parliament or Estates] (1693) -->
*[http://www.qhpress.org/quakerpages/qwhp/q1718b.htm Opera nonnulla]
 
==Nexus externi==
*''[http://www.antiquebooks.net/readpage.html#penn The Life of William Penn]'' auctore M. L. Weems (1829) {{Ling|Anglice}}
 
{{Bio-stipula}}
 
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