Quantum redactiones paginae "Linguae Polynesicae" differant

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****** [[Lingua Insularum Cook|Rarotongana]]
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===Congruentiae internae===<!--
===Internal correspondences===
Partly because Polynesian languages split from one another comparatively recently, many words in these languages remain similar to corresponding words in others. The table below demonstrates this with the words for 'sky' 'north wind' 'woman' 'house' and 'parent' in a representative selection of languages: [[Tongan language|Tongan]]; [[Niuean]]; [[Samoan language|Samoan]]; [[Sikaiana language|Sikaiana]]; [[Takuu]]; [[Rapanui]]; [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]]; [[Cook Islands Māori]] (Rarotongan); [[Māori language|Māori]]; [[North Marquesan language|North Marquesan]]; [[South Marquesan language|South Marquesan]]; and [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]].
 
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Similarities in basic vocabulary may allow speakers from different island groups to achieve a surprising degree of understanding of each other's speech. When a particular language shows unexpectedly large divergence in vocabulary, this may be the result of a name-avoidance taboo situation - see examples in [[Tahitian language#Taboo names .28pi.E2.80.99i.29|Tahitian]], where this has happened often.
 
Multae linguae Polynesiae languages have been greatly affected by European colonization. Both Māori and Hawaiian, for example, have lost much ground to [[English language| English]], and have only recently been able to make progress towards restoration.-->
 
===PersonalPronomina pronounspersonalia===<!--
In general, Polynesian languages have three [[Grammatical number|numbers]] for pronouns and possessives: singular, [[dual (grammatical number)|dual]] and plural. For example in Māori: ''ia'' (he/she), ''rāua'' (they two), ''rātou'' (they 3 or more). The words ''rua'' (2) and ''toru'' (3) are still discernible in endings of the dual and plural pronouns, giving the impression that the plural was originally a [[Grammatical number#Trial number|trial]], and that an original plural has disappeared.<ref>Indeed [[Fijian language|Fijian]], a language closely related to Polynesian, has singular, dual, trial, and plural; and even there we may see the trial replacing the plural in some generations to come, as the trial there currently can be used for a group from 3 up to as many as 10.</ref>
 
Sunt quattuor distinctiones linguis Polynesiis in pronominibus et possessivorum: first exclusive, first inclusive, second and third. For example in Māori, the plural pronouns are: ''mātou'' (we, exc), ''tātou'' (we, inc), ''koutou'' (you), ''rātou'' (they). The difference between [[Clusivity|exclusive and inclusive]] is the treatment of the person addressed. ''Mātou'' refers to the speaker and others but not the person or persons spoken to (''i.e.'', "I and some others, but not you"), while ''tātou'' refers to the speaker, the person or persons spoken to, and everyone else (''i.e.'', "You and I and others").-->
 
===PossessionPossessio in ''a'' and ''o''===<!--
Many Polynesian languages distinguish two [[Possessive pronoun|possessives]]. The a-possessives (as they contain that letter in most cases), also known as subjective possessives, refer to possessions which must be acquired by one's own action. ([[alienable possession]]) The o-possessives or objective possessives refer to possessions which are fixed to you, unchangeable, and do not necessitate any action on your part, (but upon which actions can still be performed by others). ([[inalienable possession]]) Some words can take either form, often with a difference in meaning. Compare the particles used in the names of two of the books of the Māori Bible: ''Te Pukapuka '''a''' Heremaia'' (The Book of Jeremiah) with ''Te Pukapuka '''o''' Hōhua'' (The Book of Joshua); the former belongs to Jeremiah in the sense that he was the author, while the Book of Joshua was written by someone else about Joshua.-->
 
===OrthographyOrthographia===<!--
Most Polynesian alphabets have five vowels (a,e,i,o,u) corresponding roughly in pronunciation to classical [[Latin]].
Unfortunately the missionaries did not realise that [[vowel length]] or the occurrence of the [[glottal stop]] resulted in words of different meanings. By the time that [[linguists]] made their way to the Pacific, at least for the major languages, the ''Bible'' was already printed according to the orthographic system developed by the missionaries, and the people had learned to read and write without marking vowel length or the glottal stop.