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[[Fasciculus:Spacetime_curvature.png|400px|rightupright=1.5|thumb|Secundum theoriam gravitatis Einsteinianam, materia ipsa natura flectit spatium et tempus, unde est vis gravitatis. Difficile est animo fictu flexio dimensionum trium, difficilius quattuor, ergo haec imago modo monstrat flexionem duarum.]]
 
'''Gravitas,'''<ref>Isaacus Newtonus ipse solus dicit ''vim gravitatis'' et verba similia et numquam dicit ''gravitatio'', (''Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica,'' Primaprima Editio,editio anno [[1687]], Secundasecunda Editio,editio anno [[1713]]).</ref> seu '''gravitatio,'''<ref>[http://www.xs4all.nl/~adcs/beeckman/suppl/Descartes.html Isaacus Beekmann] novum sensum de gravitationis verbo explicat anno 1618: "Secundo, ut quid significet verbum gravitare intelligatur, fingendum est corpus quod gravitare dicitur deorsum moveri, et illud in primo instanti motus considerandum est. Vis enim qua in primo instanti impellitur motus, ea est quae gravitatio vocatur, non illa quae illud in toto motu fert deorsum, quae a prima valde distincta esse potest. Dicemus igitur gravitationem esse vim qua proxima superficies [[corpus|corpori]] gravi subjecta, ab eodem premitur."</ref> dicitur phaenomenon[[res]] physicumphysica quo [[pondus]] efficitur, omnia corpora inter se compelluntur, et omnes planetae in gyris circum solem tenentur. In [[physica]], vis gravitatis est imbecillissima ex quattuor [[vis fundamentalis|viriumviribus fundamentaliumfundamentalibus]].
[[Fasciculus:Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727).jpg|thumb|175pxupright=0.6|left|[[Isaacus Newtonus]] Eques, [[physicus]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]] (1642–1727).]]
 
Prima theoria gravitatis comprehensiva facta est aab [[Isaacus Newtonus|Isaaco Newtono]] anno [[1687]], qua fere omnia gyra [[planeta]]rum [[systema solare|systematis solaris nostri]] explicata sunt. Tunc [[Albertus Einstein]] vim gravitatis secundum suam [[relativitas generalis|theoriam relativisticam]] anno [[1923]] redexplicavit. Secundum novam theoriam Einsteinianam, vis gravitatis fundamentaliter non est vis per se, sed effectum flectionis [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporisque]], quam omnes massae efficiunt.
 
Quamquam theoria Newtoniana sola corpora [[massa|massiva]] inter se compelli habebat, theoria Einsteiniana omnia corpora [[energia]]m cohibentia inter se compelli statuit.
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== Theoria Newtoniana ==
[[Fasciculus:Orbit5.gif|250px|right|thumb|[[Traiectoria planetarum|Traiectoriae]] duorum planetarum qui secundum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtoni]] descriptionem ab vi gravitatis vinculati sunt. Motio planetarum sub vi gravitatis dicitur gravitatio.<ref>{{Words}}</ref>]]
[[Isaacus Newtonus]] formula gravitatis deduxit ab analysi legum [[Renatus Cartesius|Renati Cartesii]], [[Galilaeus Galilaei|Galilaei Galilaei]], imprimisque legum [[Iohannes Keplerus|IohannisIoannis Kepleri]], quae describunt proprietates gyrorum planetarum describunt. Formula quam Newtonus deduxit est:<ref>Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (2004)., ''Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th'' ed. sexta, Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-534-40842-7.</ref>▼
 
▲[[Isaacus Newtonus]] formula gravitatis deduxit ab analysi legum [[Renatus Cartesius|Renati Cartesii]], [[Galilaeus Galilaei|Galilaei Galilaei]], imprimisque legum [[Iohannes Keplerus|Iohannis Kepleri]], quae describunt proprietates gyrorum planetarum. Formula quam Newtonus deduxit est:<ref>Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th ed., Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-534-40842-7.</ref>
 
:::<math>\vec \mathbf{F}_{12} = - G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}, \mathbf{\hat{r}}_{12}</math>
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=== De natura ponderis secundum Newtonum ===
[[Fasciculus:Leaning tower of pisa 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Turris [[Pisae|Pisarum]] [[Italia]]e ubi [[Galilaeus Galilaei|Galileo]] dicitur [[saeculum 16|saeculo XVIsexto decimo]] pilas massis discrepantibus iecisse, ut demonstretur omnia corpora vi gravitatis cadere adaeque.<ref>[http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/06may_lunarranging.htm De experimenta Galilei et versiones modernae.]</ref><ref>Rick Groleau. [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/experiments.html Galileo's Battle for the Heavens]. July 2002.</ref><ref>Phil Ball. [http://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/06/30/stories/2005063000351500.htm Science history: setting the record straight.] June 30, 2005.</ref> Secundum Newtonum, hoc experimentum et similia comprobant aequivalentiam inter massam gravitatis et massam inertialis. ]]
Secundum theoriam gravitatis Newtonianam, pondus corporis super superficie [[Tellus|Telluris]] correspondet vi gravitatis Telluricae in corpus. Pondus ''P'' in [[massa]]m ''m'', ut supra, igitur formula <math>P = mg</math> datur ubi [[acceleratio]]nis magnitudo ''g'' est
:::<math>g = G \frac{m_{T}}{R_T^2}\simeq 9.81</math> m/s²,
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[[Fasciculus:JeffersonLeft.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Turris]] laeva Laboratorii Jeffersonis Universitatis Harvardianae, ubi Robertus Pound et Glen Rebka experimenta celebra annis [[1959]]–[[1964]] fecerunt effectum dilatationis temporis necessarium ad gratitationem explicandam secundum principia Einsteiniana confirmantes. <ref name="rebka"> [http://focus.aps.org/story/v16/st1 Descriptio in Physical Review Focus]; [http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v3/i9/p439_1 "Gravitational Red-Shift in Nuclear Resonance"], R. V. Pound et G. A. Rebka Jr., ''Physical Review Letters'' 3:439 (1959); [http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i7/p337_1 "Apparent weight of photons"], R. V. Pound et G. A. Rebka Jr., ''Physical Review Letters'' 4:337 (1964).</ref>]]
 
Tandem [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]], difficultas [[actio trans distantiam|actionum trans distantias]], quae theoriam Newtonianam tantum subruit, a Alberto Einstein superata est eius theoria [[Relativitas generalis|relativitatis generalis]], quod in theoria Einsteiniana omnes effectus, illique gravitationales inclusi, celeritate lucis movent. Secundum Einstein, visvirum gravitatis causa est flectio spatii temporisque. Einstein, ad suam theoriam relativisticam commentam, magnopere confisus est:
 
* Principio Immutabilis [[celeritas luminis|Celeritatis Lucis]], quod dixit lucem esse eadem maxima celeritate aeque ubique in universo;
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Ut omnia haec principia simul honorata sint, Einstein deduxit prope corpora massiva, sicut Tellurem, tempus segnius spatiumque brevius necesse esse. Einstein tunc hypothesim fecit, ut gravitatio deflectio traiectoriarum sit ob hanc flexionem spatii temporisque.
 
Postea multa experimenta observationesque hanc flexionem a Einstein predictam confirmaverunt. Inter eorum celeberrima fuit experimenta a Pound et Rebka annis ab [[1959]]– ad [[1964]] facta, quae modo quantitativo confirmaverunt effectum dilatationis temporis necessarium ad gravitationem explicandam secundum principia relativitatis Einsteiniana.<ref name="rebka"> [http://focus.aps.org/story/v16/st1 Descriptio in Physical Review Focus]; [http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v3/i9/p439_1 "Gravitational Red-Shift in Nuclear Resonance"], R. V. Pound et G. A. Rebka Jr., ''Physical Review Letters'' 3: 439 (1959); [http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i7/p337_1 "Apparent weight of photons"], R. V. Pound et G. A. Rebka Jr., ''Physical Review Letters'' 4: 337 (1964).</ref>
 
=== De natura spatii secundum Einstein ===
Diu physici materiam sentiebant specialem exsistere nomine ''aethere'' quae omne spatium inter [[corpus|corpora]] complet. Imprimis Einstein, cum anno [[1905]] suam theoriam [[relativitas specialis|relativitatis specialis]] invenitinveniret, aetherem exsistere negabat, sed iterum circum annum [[1920]] Einstein ipse invenit ideam aetheris necesse esse, ut una [[relativitas generalis|theoria relativitatis generalis]] satisfactoria sine [[actiones trans distantias|actionibus trans distantias]] creetur. <ref> [http://www.tu-harburg.de/rzt/rzt/it/Ether.html A. Einstein, "Aether and the theory of Relativity" University of Leyden, Germany, 1920] (Anglice): "Recapitulating, we may say that according to the general theory of relativity space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists an ether. According to the general theory of relativity space without ether is unthinkable; for in such space there not only wonld be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor therefore any space-time intervals in the physical sense. But this ether may not be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic of ponderable inedia, as consisting of parts which may be tracked through time. The idea of motion may not be applied to it."</ref>▼
Diu physici materiam sentiebant specialem exsistere nomine ''aethere'' quae omne spatium inter corporibus complet.
▲Imprimis Einstein, cum anno [[1905]] suam theoriam [[relativitas specialis|relativitatis specialis]] invenit, aetherem exsistere negabat, sed iterum circum annum [[1920]] Einstein ipse invenit ideam aetheris necesse esse, ut una [[relativitas generalis|theoria relativitatis generalis]] satisfactoria sine [[actiones trans distantias|actionibus trans distantias]] creetur. <ref> [http://www.tu-harburg.de/rzt/rzt/it/Ether.html A. Einstein, "Aether and the theory of Relativity" University of Leyden, Germany, 1920] (Anglice): "Recapitulating, we may say that according to the general theory of relativity space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists an ether. According to the general theory of relativity space without ether is unthinkable; for in such space there not only wonld be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor therefore any space-time intervals in the physical sense. But this ether may not be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic of ponderable inedia, as consisting of parts which may be tracked through time. The idea of motion may not be applied to it."</ref>
Novus aether, autem, Alberto Einstein non erat ex materia corporeali antiqua, nec ex partibus positiones distinctas habentibus; novus aether simpliciter erat sedes campi electromagnetici gravitatisque. In omni loco spatii temporisque, aether particulis corporibusque communicaturus est quantum et quo modo flexum est spatium tempusque.
 
== Nexus interni==
* [[Antigravitas]]
* [[Fluctus Gravitatis|Fluctus gravitatis]]▼
* [[Physica]]
* [[Relativitas generalis]]
* [[Relativitas specialis]]
* [[AntigravitasSpatium Calabi-Yau]]
▲* [[Fluctus Gravitatis|Fluctus gravitatis]]
 
== Notae ==
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* {{cite book |author=Thorne, Kip S. |author2=Misner, Charles W. |author3=Wheeler, John Archibald |title=Gravitation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |date=1973 |isbn=0716703440}}
* {{cite book | last = Tipler | first = Paul | title = Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Mechanics, Oscillations and Waves, Thermodynamics | edition = 5a | publisher = W. H. Freeman | date = 2004 | isbn = 0716708094}}
*Wald, Robert M. [[1994]]. ''Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime and Black Hole Thermodynamics.'' Sicagi: Chicago University Press. ISBN 0-226-87027-8.
 
== Nexus externi ==
{{wiktionary}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gravitation|Gravitationemgravitationem}}
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=WqaGuP1HqE0C&printsec=titlepage Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, a Newtono scripta] {{Ling|Latine}}
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