Quantum redactiones paginae "Linguae Polynesicae" differant

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'''Linguae PolynesiaePolynesienses'''<ref>De adiectivo vide speciem ''[[:species:Joeropsis polynesiensis|Ioeropsis polynesiensis]]''.</ref> sunt membra subfamiliae linguarum praecipue in [[Polynesia]] usurpatarum. Subfamilia est pars subfamiliae [[Linguae Orientales Malayo-PolynesiaePolynesienses|Linguarum Orientalium Malayo-PolynesiarumPolynesiensium]], quae autem sunt pars familiae [[Linguae AustronesiaeAustronesienses|linguarum AustronesiarumAustronesiensium]]. Linguae PolynesiaePolynesienses se dividunt in duos ramos: [[Linguae Tongicae|linguas Tongicas]] et [[Linguae PolynesiaePolynesienses Nucleares|linguas PolynesiasPolynesienses Nucleares]]. Sunt fere quadraginta linguae PolynesiaePolynesienses, quorum praestantissimae sunt [[Lingua Samoana| Samoana]], [[Lingua Maoriana| Māoriana]], [[Lingua Havaiana|Havaiana]], [[Lingua Tahitiana|Tahitiana]], et [[Lingua Tongana|Tongana]]. Quia homines in insulis PolynesiisPolynesiensibus recentiore consederunt et linguistica inter has insulas diversificatio abhinc duo milia annorum coepit, hae linguae iam sunt simillimes.
 
==Elementa==
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**[[Lingua Niueana|Niueana]]
**[[Lingua Niuafo'ouana|Niuafoʻouana]]
*[[Nucleares Linguae PolynesiaePolynesienses Nucleares]]
**[[Lingua Uveana|Uveana]] vel Fakauveana vel ''wallisienne,'' lingua [[Uvea|Uveae Insulae]]
**[[Lingua Uveana Occidentalis|Uveana Occidentalis]] vel Fagauvea vel ''faga-ouvéa,'' lingua Insulae [[Ouvéa]], in [[Insulae Fidelitatis|Insulis Fidelitatis]] in [[Nova Caledonia]]
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**** [[Lingua Sikaianana|Sikaianana]]
**** [[Lingua Pileniana|Pileniana]]
*** [[Linguae PolynesiaePolynesienses Orientales]]
**** [[Lingua Rapanuiana|Rapanuiana]]
**** [[Linguae PolynesiaePolynesienses Orientales Centrales]]
*****[[Linguae Marquesicae]]
****** [[Lingua Havaiana|Havaiana]]
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==Congruentiae internae==
Cum linguae PolynesiaePolynesienses inter se nuperius diffidissent, multa verba his in linguis ad verba congruentia accedunt. Hanc rem monstrat tabula infra, verbis pro ''caelo, septentrione, muliere,'' et ''parenti'' inter linguas selectas: [[Lingua Tongana|Tonganam]], [[Lingua Niueana|Niueanam]], [[Lingua Samoana|Samoanam]] [[Lingua Sikaianana|Sikaiananam]], [[Lingua Takuuana|Takuuanam]], [[Lingua Rapanuiana|Rapanuianam]], [[Lingua Tahitiana|Tahitianam]], [[Lingua Insularum Cook|Rarotonganam]], [[Lingua Maoriana|Maorianam]], [[Lingua Marquesana|Marquesanam Septentrionalem]], [[Lingua Marquesana|Marquesanam Australem]], et [[Lingua Havaiana|Havaianam]]. Litterae hic sunt phoneticae, non orthographicae:
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Nonnullae congruentiae ordinariae incidunt inter linguas PolynesiasPolynesienses. Exempli gratia, soni Maoriani {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/ɾ/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, et {{IPA|/ŋ/}} ad sonos Havaianos {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, et {{IPA|/n/}} accedunt. Ergo, '[[homo]]' est ''tangata'' in lingua Maoriana et ''kanaka'' in Havaiana, et Maorianum verbum ''roa'' 'longum' ad Havaianum ''loa'' accedit. Verbum ''aloha,'' incluta salutatio Havaiana, ad Maorianum ''aroha'' et Samoanum ''alofa'' accedit. Similiter, Havaianum verbum pro Maorianum [[kava]] est ''ʻawa.''
 
Qui diversas insulas habitant saepe possunt similitudinibus principalium verborum sermonem invicem inter se bene comprehendere. Cum in medium profert lingua PolynesiaPolynesiensis magnam declinationem praeter spem, suspicio habetur causam fuisse nomina vetita. (Vide exempla [[Lingua Tahitiana|Tahitiana]] in commentario [[Nomina vetita]].) Multae linguae PolynesiaePolynesienses a colonizatione [[Europa]]eana adfectae sunt. Havaiana Maorianaque, exempli gratia, ab [[Lingua Anglica|Anglicana]] deminutae sunt, et ad refectionem solum nuper profecerunt.
 
==Orthographia==
Plurimis alphabetis PolynesiisPolynesiensibus sunt solum quinque litterae vocales, ''a, e, i, o, u,'' quae in enunciatione litteras Latinas classicales ''a, e, i, o, u'' adumbrant. . . .<!--The missionaries did not always realize that [[vowel length]] or the occurrence of the [[pausa glottalis]] resulted in words of different meanings. By the time that [[linguists]] made their way to the Pacific, at least for the major languages, the ''[[Biblia Sacra]]'' was already printed according to orthographic systems developed by the missionaries, and the people had learned to read and write without marking vowel length or the glottal stop.
 
This situation persists up to now in many languages, despite efforts of local academies to change it. Varying results have been achieved in the different languages and several writing systems exist. In the commonest method, a [[macron]] indicates a long vowel, and a vowel without that sign is short (for example, ''ā'' versus ''a''). The glottal stop (not present in all Polynesian languages, but where present it is one of the commonest [[consonants]]) is indicated by an [[apostrophe]] (for example, '' 'a'' versus ''a''). This is a seeming anomaly, as the apostrophe is most often used in other languages to represent omitted letters, while the glottal stop is a [[consonant]] that is not written. The problem can somewhat be alleviated by changing the simple apostrophe in a curly one, taking an elevated comma for the elision and the inverted comma for the glottal stop; the latter method has come into common use in Polynesian languages.-->
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== Proprietates grammaticae ==
=== Pronomina personalia ===
Linguis PolynesiisPolynesiensibus generaliter sunt tres [[Numerus grammaticus|numeri]] pro pronominibus et verbis possessivis: singularis, dualis, pluralis; exempli gratia, Samoane ''ia'' 'is, ea, id', ''lāʻua'' 'ei duo, eae duae, ea duo', ''lātou'' 'ei et tres et plus, eae et tres et plus, ea et tria et plus'. Verba ''lua'' 'duo' et ''tolu'' 'tres' iam patefiunt in suffixis pronominum dualium et pluralium; ergo hodierna forma pluralis fortasse orta est ex forma triali, et pristina forma pluralis evanuit. <!-- Indeed [[Fijian language|Fijian]], a language closely related to Polynesian, has singular, dual, trial, and plural; and even there we may see the trial replacing the plural in some generations to come, as the trial there currently can be used for a group from 3 up to as many as 10.-->
 
Linguae PolynesiaePolynesienses distinguunt inter quattuor formas pronominum et verborum possessivorum: primam personam exclusivam, primam personam inclusivam, secundam personam, tertiam personam. . . .<!--For example in Māori, the plural pronouns are: ''mātou'' (we, exc), ''tātou'' (we, inc), ''koutou'' (you), ''rātou'' (they). The difference between [[Clusivity|exclusive and inclusive]] is the treatment of the person addressed. ''Mātou'' refers to the speaker and others but not the person or persons spoken to (''i.e.'', "I and some others, but not you"), while ''tātou'' refers to the speaker, the person or persons spoken to, and everyone else (''i.e.'', "You and I and others").-->
 
=== Possessio in ''a'' et ''o'' ===
Multae linguae PolynesiaePolynesienses distinguunt inter duas formas possessivas: formae in ''a'' (quia plurimae harum linguarum litteram sonamque ''a'' continent), etiam dictae 'possessivae subiectivae' vel 'alienabiles,' spectant ad possessiones
ab ipsius hominis actione adeptae; formae in ''o,'' dictae 'possessivae obiectivae' vel 'inalienabiles,' spectant ad possessiones
homini adfictae, vel immutabiles, vel quae sine ipsius hominis actione adeptae sunt. . . . <!-- Some words can take either form, often with a difference in meaning. Compare the particles used in the names of two of the books of the Māori Bible: ''Te Pukapuka '''a''' Heremaia'' ('Liber Ieremiae') cum ''Te Pukapuka '''o''' Hōhua'' ('Liber Iosuanus'); the former belongs to Jeremiah in the sense that he was the author, while the Book of Joshua was written by someone else about Iosua.--> Similiter, in lingua Samoana, ''laʻu pese'' est 'carmen meum (quod cecini vel composui)', sed ''loʻu pese'' est 'carmen meum (quod aliquis de me cecinit vel composuit)'.
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==Notae==
<references />
 
==Fontes==
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* Marck, Jeff. [[2000]]. ''Topics in Polynesian Languages and Culture History.'' [[Canberra]]e: Pacific Linguistics.
 
[[Categoria:Linguae PolynesiaePolynesienses|!]]