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Utilitarismus est forma [[consequentialismus|consequentialismi]], cuius adsectatores consecutionibus cuiuslibet actionis [[bonum (ethica)|bonum]] et [[malum (ethica)|malum]] metiuntur. Quae opinio comparari vel coniungi potest cum [[ethica virtutis]], in qua [[virtus]] bonum morale esse putatur. Nonnulli credunt consilia hominum etiam momentum ethicum habere. Utilitarismus ab aliis consequentialismi generibus, sicut [[egoismus ethicus|egoismo ethico]], distincte hoc differt, quod omnes rationes aequabiliter respicit. Suasores utilitarismi inter sese differunt, utrum actus singulares cum utilitate congruere oporteat (id est [[utilitarismus actionis]]), an actores regulas ethicas sequi debeant (id est [[utilitarismus regularum]]). Utilitaristae praeterea dissentiunt, in ratiocinatione utilitatis utrum de tota an de mediana felicitate agatur.
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Utilitarismus privatus et utilitarismus socialis eodem fere tempore instituti sunt, hic apud [[Sina|Sinenses]], ille apud [[Graeci antiqui|Graecos antiquos]]. [[Micius]] enim, philosophus Sinensis aequalis [[Socrates|Socrati]] per 2500 annos in oblivionem adductus,<ref>Mei 1934.</ref> opes et divitias hominumque auctum prosperitati prodesse docuit. Apud Graecos [[Aristippus]], philosophus [[Cyrenae]]us, qui anno fere 400 a.C.n. floruit, ac centum fere annis post [[Epicurus]], homo [[Athenae|Athenis]] in philosophia versatus, [[hedonismus|hedonismo]] faverunt voluptatemque summum finem hominis esse docuerunt.
[[Thomas Hobbes]] in ''[[Leviathan (Hobbes)|Leviathan]]'' dicit iustam esse actionem, quae actoris prosperitati prosit; codicem moralem societatis praeterea ius potestatemque habere ea condicione, ut obnoxiorum et subiectorum prosperitatem provehat. Quod enuntiatum moralitatis utilitaristicae nos ad utilitarismum classicum adducit, cuius auctor [[Ieremias Bentham]] habetur, quippe qui libro ''An introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation'' anno [[1879]] edito praecepta utilitaristica ad systema disertum reduxit. Duas solas voluntates homini inesse docuit, cupidinem [[voluptas|voluptatum]] et fugam dolorum; maerore enim et gaudio actiones ethicas hominum moveri et regi; maerorem et gaudium esse causas actionum.
Bentham autem libro ''An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation'' anno [[1789]] edito utilitarismum condidisse putatur. Post eum utilitaristae gravissimi sunt Ioannes Stuart Mill, [[Henricus Sidgwick]], [[R. M. Hare]], [[Petrus Singer]].▼
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== Notae ==
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== Bibliographia ==
* Adams, Robert Merrihew. 1976. Motive Utilitarianism. ''Journal of Philosophy'' 73(14):467.
* Alican, Necip Fikri. 1994. ''Mill’s Principle of Utility: A Defense of John Stuart Mill’s Notorious Proof.'' Rodopi
* Audard, Catherine. 1999. ''Anthologie historique et critique de l’utilitarisme.'' Presses Universitaires de France.
* Bayles, M. D. 1968. ''Contemporary Utilitarianism.'' Anchor Books, Doubleday.
* Bentham, Jeremy.
* Brandt, Richard B. 1979. ''A Theory of the Good and the Right.'' Clarendon Press.
* Broome, John. 1991. ''Weighing Goods.'' Basil Blackwell.
* Caillé, Alain. 1989. ''Critique de la raison utilitaire.'' La Découverte.
* Cornman, James, et al. 1992. ''Philosophical Problems and Arguments: An Introduction.'' Ed. 4a. Hackett Publishing Co.
* Dancy, Jonathan. 2000. Mill's Puzzling Footnote. ''Utilitas'' 12:219.
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* Gauthier, David. 1963. ''Practical Reasoning: The Structure and Foundations of Prudential and Moral Arguments and Their Exemplification in Discourse.'' Oxford University Press.
* {{cite book |last = Gay|first = John|editor-first = J. B.|editor-last = Schneewind|title = Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant|publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2002 |chapter = Concerning the Fundamental Principle of Virtue or Morality |isbn = 9780521003049}}
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* Glover, Jonathan. 1977. ''Causing Death and Saving Lives. The Moral Problems of Abortion, Infanticide, Suicide, Euthanasia, Capital Punishment, War and Other Life-or-death Choices.'' Penguin Books.
* Goodin, Robert E. 1991. Utility and the good. ''The Blackwell Companion to Ethics'', ed. Peter Singer, cap. 20. Blackwell.
* Goodin, Robert E. 1995. ''Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy.'' Cambridge University Press.
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* Mill, John Stuart. 1861. ''Utilitarianism.'' Fourth edition, Longmans, Gree, Reader, and Dyer, 1871.
* Moore, G. E. 1903. ''Principia Ethica.'' Prometheus Books.
* Nasher, Jack. 2009. ''Die Moral des Glücks. Eine Einführung in den Utilitarismus.'' Duncker & Humblot.
* Parfit, Derek. 1986. ''Reasons and Persons.'' Oxford Paperbacks.
* Pettit, Philip. 1991. Consequentialism. ''The Blackwell Companion to Ethics'', ed. Peter Singer, cap. 19. Blackwell.
* Popkin, Richard H. 1950. A Note on the 'Proof' of Utility in J. S. Mill. ''Ethics'' 61:66–68.
* {{cite book |last = Rawls|first = John|title = A Theory of Justice |publisher = Harvard University Press; reissue edition |date = 2005 |isbn = 9780674017726}}
* {{cite book |last = Rosen|first = Frederick |title = Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill |publisher = Routledge |year = 2003 }}
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* Scheffler, Samuel. 1994. ''The Rejection of Consequentialism: A Philosophical Investigation of the Considerations Underlying Rival Moral Conceptions.'' Second Edition, Clarendon Press.
* {{cite book |last = Schneewind|first = J. B.|title = Sidgwick's Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy|publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 1977 |isbn = 9780198245520}}
* Schroth. 2006. Utilitarismus und Verteilungsgerechtigkeit. ''Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung'' 60: 37-58.
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* {{cite book |last = Sidgwick | first = Henry | title = Methods of Ethics | publisher = Hackett Publishing Co, Inc; 7th Revised edition |date=1981 | isbn = 9780915145287}}
* Silverstein, Harry S. 1972. A Defence of Cornman's Utilitarian Kantian Principle. ''Philosophical Studies'' 23: 212–215.
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