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Linea 3: [[Fasciculus:Singer1.jpg\|thumb\|170px\|[[Petrus Singer]], philosophus moralis [[Australia]]nus.]] '''Utilitarismus'''<ref>Victor Cathrein (1915) ''Cursus philosophicus,'' §§ 26, 126, 134. Herder; Christian Helfer (1991) ''Lexicon Auxiliare'', p. 602. Tertia editio valde emendata. Verlag der Societas Latina; ''Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis'', p. 390. Lampertz, 1998; Jose Juan de Col (2007) ''Diccionario auxiliar español-latino para el uso moderno del latín'', p. 1099. Instituto Superior “Juan XXIII”.</ref><ref>Apud scriptores Anglophonos interdum '''utilitarianismus''', sicut Ad. Tanquerey, ''Synopsis Theologiae Dogmaticae Fundamentalis: Ad mentem S. Thomae Aquinatis, Hodiernis moribus accommodata: de Vera Religione, de Ecclesia Christi, de Fontibus theologicis'' (Baltimorae, 1896), 35–36: "declarat utilitarianismum esse systema non solum immorale, sed etiam prorsus inefficax."</ref> est theoria [[ethica normativa\|normativa]], quae optimam actionem [[moralitas\|moralem]] docet in [[utilitas\|utilitate]] quam maxima positam esse. Utilitas autem varie definiri potest, prout de unius hominis utilitate privata (id est: utilitarismus privatus) aut de hominum societatis utilitate agitur (id est: utilitarismus socialis). [[Ieremias Bentham]], auctor utilitarismi, deducta miseria omnium quaibet actione implicatorum, coacervatione [[voluptas\|voluptatis]] utilitatem definivit. Quam notionem quantitativam utilitatis [[Ioannes Stuart Mill]] ita amplificavit, ut, omissis singulis actionibus, animum ad qualitatem attenderet: moralitas utilitaristica [[felicitas\|felicitate]] aestimari oportere, felicitatem autem non solum in voluptate sed etiam in absentia miseriae consistere; infelicitatem contra ex miseria et absentia voluptatis constare.<ref>Mill 1861: 10.</ref> In utilitarismo Milliano actio moralis "felicitate" et "voluptate" aestimatur. Quae ratio ab adversariis reicitur, quod nimio opere [[hedonismus\|hedonismum]] redoleat. Utilitarismus, item ac [[ethica]] in genere, ad hominem pertinet, quamquam sunt qui "felicitati" [[animal]]ium quoque cavere velint.<ref>Singer 2001.</ref> Utilitarismus est forma [[consequentialismus\|consequentialismi]], cuius adsectatores consecutionibus cuiuslibet actionis [[bonum (ethica)\|bonum]] et [[malum (ethica)\|malum]] metiuntur. Quae opinio comparari vel coniungi potest cum [[ethica virtutis]], in qua [[virtus]] bonum morale esse putatur. Nonnulli credunt consilia hominum etiam momentum ethicum habere. Utilitarismus ab aliis consequentialismi generibus, sicut [[egoismus ethicus\|egoismo ethico]], distincte hoc differt, quod omnes rationes aequabiliter respicit. Suasores utilitarismi inter sese differunt, utrum actus singulares cum utilitate congruere oporteat (id est [[utilitarismus actionis]]), an actores regulas ethicas sequi debeant (id est [[utilitarismus regularum]]). Utilitaristae praeterea dissentiunt, in ratiocinatione utilitatis utrum de tota an de mediana felicitate agatur. == Historia utilitarismi == Utilitarismus privatus et utilitarismus socialis eodem fere tempore instituti sunt, hic apud [[Sina\|Sinenses]], ille apud [[Graeci antiqui\|Graecos antiquos]]. [[Micius]] enim, philosophus Sinensis aequalis [[Socrates\|Socrati]] per 2500 annos in oblivionem adductus,<ref>Mei 1934.</ref> opes et divitias hominumque auctum prosperitati prodesse docuit. Apud Graecos [[Aristippus]], philosophus [[Cyrenae]]us, qui anno fere 400 a.C.n. floruit, ac centum fere annis post [[Epicurus]], homo [[Athenae\|Athenis]] in philosophia versatus, [[hedonismus\|hedonismo]] faverunt voluptatemque summum finem hominis esse docuerunt. ~~Origo [[hedonismus\|hedonismi]] ab [[Aristippus\|Aristippo]] et [[Epicurus\|Epicuro]] trahi solet, qui felicitatem solum bonum habebant.~~ Bentham autem libro ''An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation'' anno [[1789]] edito utilitarismum condidisse putatur. Post eum utilitaristae gravissimi sunt Ioannes Stuart Mill, [[Henricus Sidgwick]], [[R. M. Hare]], [[Petrus Singer]]. Linea 15: <div class="references-small"><references/></div> == Bibliographia == * Adams, Robert Merrihew. 1976. Motive Utilitarianism. ''Journal of Philosophy'' 73(14):467. * Alican, Necip Fikri. 1994. ''Mill’s Principle of Utility: A Defense of John Stuart Mill’s Notorious Proof.'' Rodopi B. V. ISBN 9789051837483. Linea 30: * Goodin, Robert E. 1991. Utility and the good. ''The Blackwell Companion to Ethics'', ed. Peter Singer, cap. 20. Blackwell. * Goodin, Robert E. 1995. ''Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy.'' Cambridge University Press. * Habib, Allen. [[2008]]. [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/promises/ Promises]. In ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.'' * {{cite book \|last = Halevy\|first = Elie\|title = The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism\|year = 1966\|publisher = Beacon Press\|isbn = 0191010200}} * {{cite journal \|last = Hall \|first = Everett W. \|title = The 'Proof' of Utility in Bentham and Mill \|journal = Ethics \|issue = 60:1–18 \|year = 1949 \|jstor=2378436 \|doi:10.1086/290691}} Line 40 ⟶ 39: * Hooker, Brad. 2002. ''Ideal Code, Real World: A Rule-Consequentialist Theory of Morality.'' Clarendon Press. * Hooker, Brad & Timothy Chappell, eds. 2011. ''The problem of moral demandingness: new philosophical essays.'' Palgrave Macmillan. Praecioue capitulum 8: The Demandingness Objection. ISBN 9780230219403. * {{cite book \|last = Hume\|first = David\|editor-first = J. B.\|editor-last = Schneewind\|title = Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant\|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|year = 2002 \|chapter = An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals \|isbn = 9780521003049}} * {{cite book \|last = Hutcheson\|first = Francis\|editor-first = J. B.\|editor-last = Schneewind\|title = Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant\|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|year = 2002 \|chapter = The Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue \|isbn = 9780521003049}} * {{cite book \|last = Kagan \| first = Shelly \| title = The Limits of Morality (Oxford Ethics Series) \| publisher = Clarendon Press \|date= 1991 \| isbn = 9780198239161}} Kagan, Shelly. [[1984]]. Does Consequentialism Demand too Much? Recent Work on the Limits of Obligation. ''Philosophy & Public Affairs'' 13(3). JSTOR 2265413. Line 49 ⟶ 46: McCloskey, H. J. 1963. A Note on Utilitarian Punishment. ''Mind'' 72: 599 * McCloskey, H. J. 1957. An Examination of Restricted Utilitarianism. ''Philosophical Review'' 66:466–485. * Mei, Y. P. 1934. ''Mo-tse, the Neglected Rival of Confucius.'' Arthur Probsthain. * Mill, John Stuart. 1861. ''Utilitarianism.'' Fourth edition, Longmans, Gree, Reader, and Dyer, 1871. * Moore, G. E. 1903. ''Principia Ethica.'' Prometheus Books. * Nagel, Thomas. 2012. ''The Possibility of Altruism.'' Princeton University Press. Nova ed. * Norcross, Alastair. [[2009]]. Two Dogmas of Deontology: Aggregation, Rights and the Separateness of Persons. ''Social Philosophy and Policy'' 26:76. doi:10.1017/S0265052509090049. [http://homepage.mac.com/anorcross/papers/2Dogmasdeontology.pdf Textus (PDF).] * {{cite book \|last = Oliphant,\|first = Jill \|title = OCR Religious Ethics for AS and A2 \|publisher = Routledge \|year = 2007}} * {{cite book \|last = Paley\|first = William\|editor-first = J. B.\|editor-last = Schneewind\|title = Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant\|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|year = 2002 \|chapter = The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy \|isbn = 9780521003049}} * Parfit, Derek. 1986. ''Reasons and Persons.'' Oxford Paperbacks. * Pettit, Philip. 1991. Consequentialism. ''The Blackwell Companion to Ethics'', ed. Peter Singer, cap. 19. Blackwell.

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