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[[Fasciculus:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill detail.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Ieremias Bentham]].]]
[[Fasciculus:John Stuart Mill by London Stereoscopic Company, c1870.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Ioannes Stuart Mill]].]]
'''Utilitarianismus''' in [[ethica normativa]] est theoria quae postulat optimam actionem [[mos|moralem]] esse quae [[utilitas|utilitatem]] quam maximam efficit. Utilitas autem varie definitur, sed plerumque cum [[salus|salute]] [[entitas|entitatum]] [[sensus (biologia)|sentientium]] coniungitur. [[Ieremias Bentham]], qui utilitarianismum primum proposuit, utilitatem primum definivit [[quantitas|quantitatem]] [[voluptas|voluptatis]] postquam [[dolor|dolor vel angor]] omnium in ulla actione implicatorum deducitur. [[Ioannes Stuart Mill]] notionem utilitatis amplificavit ut non solum quantitas, sed [[qualitas]] voluptatis comprehendatur, cum regulae attinentur, contra facta [[mos|moralia]] singulorum. Alii, voluptati esse pretium positivum negantes, utilitarianismum negativum suaserunt, qui utilitatem solum per angorem definit. Nonnulli, contra hanc sententiam [[hedonismus|hedonisticam]], utilitatem definiunt erga satisfactionem [[favor]]is, sed alii credunt pretia varia in eius [[definitio]]ne comprehendi posse.
[[Fasciculus:Singer1.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Petrus Singer]], philosophus moralis [[Australia]]nus.]]
[[Fasciculus:Greek uc sigma.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|[[Sigma]] in [[mathematica]] est signum quod [[summatio]]nem repraesentat, rationem in [[utilitarianismus totus|urilitarianismo toto]] similiter effectam.]]
'''Utilitarismus''' est theoria [[ethica normativa|normativa]], quae optimam actionem [[moralitas|moralem]] docet in [[utilitas|utilitate]] quam maxima positam esse. Utilitas autem varie definiri potest, prout de unius hominis aut de hominum societatis utilitate agitur. [[Ieremias Bentham]], auctor utilitarismi, deducta miseria omnium quaibet actione implicatorum, coacervatione [[voluptas|voluptatis]] utilitatem definivit. Quam notionem quantitativam utilitatis [[Ioannes Stuart Mill]] ita amplificavit, ut, omissis singulis actionibus, animum ad qualitatem attenderet: moralitas utilitaristica [[felicitas|felicitate]] aestimari oportere, felicitatem autem non solum in voluptate sed etiam in absentia miseriae consistere; infelicitatem contra ex miseria et absentia voluptatis constare.<ref>Mill 1861: 10.</ref> In utilitarismo Milliano actio moralis "felicitate" et "voluptate" aestimatur. Quae ratio ab adversariis reicitur, quod nimio opere [[hedonismus|hedonismum]] redoleat.
UtilitarianismusUtilitarismus est genus [[consequentialismus|consequentialismi]], qui consecutiones ullius actionis esse solam normam fas et nefas affirmat. Haec opinio cum [[ethica virtutum]] comparari aut coniungi potest, quae affirmat [[virtus|virtutem]] esse [[pretium (ethica)|bonum morale]]. Nonnulli credunt consilia hominum etiam momentum ethicum habere. Utilitarianismus ab aliis consequentialismi generibus sicut [[egoismus ethicus]] proprie differt, qui omnia studie aeque habet. Suasores utilitarianismi inter sese differunt num facta singulorum cum utilitate congruere debeant ([[utilitarianismus actionis]]) sive [[agentura (philosophia)|agitatores]] cum regulis [[ethica|ethicis]] congruere debeant ([[utilitarianismus regularum]]). Utilitariani praeterea dissentiunt num ratiocinatio utilitatis ut aggregatum ([[utilitarianismus medius et totus|utilitarianismus totus]]) aut [[medium]]<!--average--> (utilitarianismus medius) sit.
[[Fasciculus:John Stuart Mill by London Stereoscopic Company, c1870.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Ioannes Stuart Mill]] circa [[1870]].]]
 
<!--[[Fasciculus:Greek uc sigma.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|[[Sigma]] in [[mathematica]] est signum quod [[summatio]]nem repraesentat, rationem in [[utilitarianismus totus|urilitarianismo toto]] similiter effectam.]] -->
== Historia utilitarismi ==
[[Hedonismus]] per [[historia]]m apud [[Aristippus|Aristippum]] et [[Epicurus|Epicurum]] inveni potest, qui felicitatem solum bonum habebant. Bentham autem utilitarianism condidere putatur cum ''An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation'' scriberet. Ex eius tempore, utilitariani maximi momenti sunt Ioannes Stuart Mill, [[Henricus Sidgwick]], [[R. M. Hare]], et [[Petrus Singer]]. Haec philosophia ad res hodiernas adhibita est, inter quas angor [[animalia|animalium]] non [[homo sapiens|humanorum]]. Utilitarianismus ad [[ethica carnis edendae|ethicam animalium cibo educandorum]] adhibitus est.
== Notae ==
{{NexInt}}
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
{{div col|2}}
*[[Altruismus]]
*[[Ethica deontologica]]
*[[Ethica practica]]
*[[Felicitas]]
*[[Incertitudo]]
*[[Moralitas]]
*[[Oecologia profunda]]
*[[Pessimismus]]
*[[Principium voluptatis]]
*[[Voluptas]]<!--
* [[Mouvement Anti-Utilitariste dans les Sciences Sociales|Anti-Utilitarianism]]
* [[Appeal to consequences]]
*[[Altruismus effectiva]]
* [[Bounded rationality]]
* [[Charity International]]
* [[Cost–benefit analysis]]
* [[Decision analysis]]
* [[Decision theory]]
* [[Gross national happiness]]
* [[List of utilitarians]]
* [[Negative utilitarianism]]
*[[Prioritarianismus]]
* [[Probabilistic reasoning]]
* [[Relative utilitarianism]]
* [[Rule according to higher law]]
* ''[[Social Choice and Individual Values]]''
* [[State consequentialism]]
* [[Utility monster]]
* [[Utilitarian bioethics]]
* [[Utilitarian cake-cutting]]-->
{{div col end}}<!--
 
==Notae==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>-->
 
==Bibliographia==
*Adams, Robert Merrihew. [[1976]]. Motive Utilitarianism. ''Journal of Philosophy'' 73(14):467. JSTOR 2025783. doi:10.2307/2025783.
[[Fasciculus:Singer1.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Petrus Singer]], [[philosophus]] [[mos|moralis]] [[Australia]]nus.]]
*Adams, Robert Merrihew. [[1976]]. Motive Utilitarianism. ''The Journal of Philosophy'' 73(14):467. JSTOR 2025783. doi:10.2307/2025783.
*Alican, Necip Fikri. [[1994]]. ''Mill’s Principle of Utility: A Defense of John Stuart Mill’s Notorious Proof.'' Amstelodami et Atlantae: Editions Rodopi B. V. ISBN 9789051837483.
*Anscombe, G. E. M. [[1958]]. Modern Moral Philosophy. ''Philosophy'' 33(124):1. JSTOR 3749051. doi:10.1017/s0031819100037943.
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* {{cite book |last = Bentham |first = Jeremy |title = The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Published under the Superintendence of His Executor, John Bowring. Vol. 1 |year = 2001 |publisher = Adamant Media Corporation |isbn = 978-1402163937}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Bentham | first1 = Jeremy|last2 = Dumont | first2 = Etienne|last3 = Hildreth | first3 = R|title = Theory of Legislation: Translated from the French of Etienne Dumont|publisher = Adamant Media Corporation|date= 2005|isbn = 9781402170348}}
* {{cite book |last = Brandt |first =, Richard B.|title =1979. ''A Theory of the Good and the Right|publisher =.'' Clarendon Press|year = 1979|isbn =. 0198245505}}
* Broome, John. 1991. ''Weighing Goods.'' Basil Blackwell.
* {{cite book |last = Bredeson |first = Dean|title = Applied Business Ethics: A Skills-Based Approach|year = 2011|publisher = Cengage Learning|isbn = 9780538453981 |chapter = Utilitarianism vgs. Dentological Ethics}}
* Cornman, James, et al. 1992. ''Philosophical Problems and Arguments: An Introduction.'' Ed. 4a. Hackett Publishing Co.
 
* Dancy, Jonathan. 2000. Mill's Puzzling Footnote. ''Utilitas'' 12:219.
*Broome, John. [[1991]]. ''Weighing Goods.'' Oxoniae: Basil Blackwell.
* Feldman, Fred. 1993. On the Consistency of Act- and Motive-Utilitarianism: A Reply to Robert Adams. ''Philosophical Studies'' 70: 201–212.
*Dancy, Jonathan. [[2000]]. Mill's Puzzling Footnote. ''Utilitas'' 12:219. doi:10.1017/S095382080000279X.
*Dennett, Daniel. [[1995]]. ''Darwin's Dangerous Idea.'' Simon & Schuster.ISBN 068482471X.
 
* {{cite journal |last = Feldman |first = Fred |title = On the Consistency of Act- and Motive-Utilitarianism: A Reply to Robert Adams |journal = Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition |issue = 70(2) |date=May 1993 |doi=10.1007/BF00989590 |pages=201–212}}
* {{cite book |last = Gauthier|first = David|title = Practical Reasoning: The Structure and Foundations of Prudential and Moral Arguments and Their Exemplification in Discourse |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 1963|isbn = 9780198241904}}
* {{cite book |last = Gay|first = John|editor-first = J. B.|editor-last = Schneewind|title = Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant|publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2002 |chapter = Concerning the Fundamental Principle of Virtue or Morality |isbn = 9780521003049}}
* Glover, Jonathan. 1977. ''Causing Death and Saving Lives.'' Penguin Books.
* Goodin, Robert E. 1991. Utility and the good. ''The Blackwell Companion to Ethics'', ed. Peter Singer, cap. 20. Blackwell.
* {{cite book |last = Goodin | first = Robert E. | title = Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy | publisher = Cambridge University Press |date=May 1995 | isbn = 9780521468060}}
*{{cite book |last = Goodstein|first = Eban |title = Economics and the Environment|publisher = Wiley |year = 2011|chapter = Chapter 2: Ethics and Economics| isbn= 9780470561096}}
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* {{cite journal |last = Hall |first = Everett W. |title = The 'Proof' of Utility in Bentham and Mill |journal = Ethics |issue = 60:1–18 |year = 1949 |jstor=2378436 |doi:10.1086/290691}}
* {{cite book |last = Hardin | first = Russell | title = Morality within the Limits of Reason | publisher = University Of Chicago Press |date= 1990 | isbn = 9780226316208}}
*Hare, R. M. [[1972]]–[[1973]]. The Presidential Address: Principles. ''Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series'' 73:1–18. JSTOR 4544830. doi:10.1093/aristotelian/73.1.1. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aristotelian/73.1.1. Textus.]
*Hare, R. M. [[1981]]. ''Moral thinking: its levels, method, and point.'' Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198246602.
*Harsanyi, John C. [[1975]]. Can the Maximin Principle Serve as a Basis for Morality? A Critique of John Rawls's Theory of Justice. ''The American Political Science Review'' 69(2):594. JSTOR 1959090. doi:10.2307/1959090. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1959090 Textus.]
*Harsanyi, John C. [[1977]]. Morality and the theory of rational behavior. ''Social Research,'' special issue: Rationality, Choice, and Morality, 44(4):623–656. JSTOR 40971169. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/40971169 Textus (JSTOR).]<!--Reprinted: {{citation | last = Harsanyi | first = John C. | contribution = Morality and the theory of rational behaviour | editor-last1 = Sen | editor-first1 = Amartya | editor-last2 = Williams | editor-first2 = Bernard | title = Utilitarianism and beyond | pages = 39–62 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 1982 | isbn = 9780511611964.}}-->
* Harwood, Sterling. 2003. Eleven Objections to Utilitarianism.'' In ''Moral Philosophy: A Reader,'' ed. Louis P. Pojman. Indianapoli: Hackett Publishing Co.
*Hooker, Brad. [[2002]]. ''Ideal Code, Real World: A Rule-Consequentialist Theory of Morality.'' Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780199256570.
* Hooker, Brad, et& Timothy Chappell, eds. [[2011]]. ''The problem of moral demandingness: new philosophical essays.'' Palgrave Macmillan. Praecioue capitulum 8: The Demandingness Objection. ISBN 9780230219403.
 
* {{cite book |last = Hume|first = David|editor-first = J. B.|editor-last = Schneewind|title = Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant|publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2002 |chapter = An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals |isbn = 9780521003049}}
* {{cite book |last = Hutcheson|first = Francis|editor-first = J. B.|editor-last = Schneewind|title = Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant|publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2002 |chapter = The Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue |isbn = 9780521003049}}
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*Kagan, Shelly. [[1984]]. Does Consequentialism Demand too Much? Recent Work on the Limits of Obligation. ''Philosophy & Public Affairs'' 13(3). JSTOR 2265413.
* {{cite book |last = Lyons |first = David |title = Forms and Limits of Utilitarianism |date=November 1965|publisher = Oxford University Press(UK)| isbn = 9780198241973}}
* Mackie, J. L. 1991. ''Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong.'' Penguin Books.
* {{cite journal |last = McCloskey |first = H. J.|title = A Note on Utilitarian Punishment |journal = Mind |volume = 72 |year = 1963 |doi=10.1093/mind/LXXII.288.599 |jstor=2251880 |page=599}}
*McCloskey Martin, H.Michael J& Henry Ruf. [[1957]]1972. AnSilverstein's ExaminationDefense of Restricted UtilitarianismCornman. ''The Philosophical ReviewStudies'' 66(4)23:466–485. JSTOR 2182745. doi:10.2307/2182745319-323.
* McCloskey, H. J. 1963. A Note on Utilitarian Punishment. ''Mind'' 72: 599
* {{cite book |last = Mill | first = John Stuart|editor-first = Roger|editor-last = Crisp|title = Utilitarianism|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 1998 |isbn = 019875163X}}
* McCloskey, H. J. 1957. An Examination of Restricted Utilitarianism. ''Philosophical Review'' 66:466–485.
* {{cite book |last = Mill | first = John Stuart|title = A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive (Classic Reprint)|publisher = Forgotten Books|date=February 2011|isbn = 9781440090820}}
* Mill, John Stuart. 1861. ''Utilitarianism.'' Fourth edition, Longmans, Gree, Reader, and Dyer, 1871.
* {{cite book |last = Mill|first = John Stuart|editor-first = John|editor-last = Robson|title = Collected Works, volume 31 |publisher = University of Toronto Press |year = 1981|chapter = Autobiography |isbn = 0710007183}}
* {{cite book |last = Moore | first =, G. E. | title =1903. ''Principia Ethica | publisher =.'' Prometheus Books. | year = 1903 | isbn = 0879754982}}
* {{cite book |last = Nagel|first =, Thomas|title. =2012. ''The Possibility of Altruism |publisher =.'' Princeton University Press. Nova ed. |year = 2012 |isbn = 9780691020020}}
* Norcross, Alastair. [[2009]]. Two Dogmas of Deontology: Aggregation, Rights and the Separateness of Persons. ''Social Philosophy and Policy'' 26:76. doi:10.1017/S0265052509090049. [http://homepage.mac.com/anorcross/papers/2Dogmasdeontology.pdf Textus (PDF).]
* {{cite book |last = Oliphant,|first = Jill |title = OCR Religious Ethics for AS and A2 |publisher = Routledge |year = 2007}}
* {{cite book |last = Paley|first = William|editor-first = J. B.|editor-last = Schneewind|title = Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant|publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2002 |chapter = The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy |isbn = 9780521003049}}
* Parfit, Derek. [[1986]]. ''Reasons and Persons.'' Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 9780198249085.
* Pettit, Philip. 1991. Consequentialism. ''The Blackwell Companion to Ethics'', ed. Peter Singer, cap. 19. Blackwell.
*Popkin, Richard H. [[1950]]. A Note on the 'Proof' of Utility in J. S. Mill. ''Ethics'' 61(1):66–68 JSTOR 2379052. doi:10.1086/290751.
* Popkin, Richard H. 1950. A Note on the 'Proof' of Utility in J. S. Mill. ''Ethics'' 61:66–68.
* {{cite book |last = Popper|first = Karl|title = The Open Society and Its Enemies|year = 2002|publisher = Routledge|isbn = 0415290635}}
* Rachels, James & Stuart Rachels. 2012. ''The Elements of Moral Philosophy.'' McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 9780078038242.
* {{cite book |last = Rawls|first = John|title = A Theory of Justice |publisher = Harvard University Press; reissue edition |date = 22 March 2005 |isbn = 9780674017726}}
* {{cite book |last = Rosen|first = Frederick |title = Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill |publisher = Routledge |year = 2003 }}
* {{cite book |last = Ryder|first = Richard D |title = Painism: A Modern Morality |publisher = Centaur Press |year = 2002 }}
* Scheffler, Samuel. 1988. ''Consequentialism and Its Critics.'' Oxford University Press.
* {{cite book |last = Scheffler | first = Samuel | title = The Rejection of Consequentialism: A Philosophical Investigation of the Considerations Underlying Rival Moral Conceptions, Second Edition | publisher = Clarendon Press |date= 1994 | isbn = 9780198235118}}
* Scheffler, Samuel. 1994. ''The Rejection of Consequentialism: A Philosophical Investigation of the Considerations Underlying Rival Moral Conceptions.'' Second Edition, Clarendon Press.
* {{cite book |last = Schneewind|first = J. B.|title = Sidgwick's Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy|publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 1977 |isbn = 9780198245520}}
* {{cite book |last = Shaw | first = William | title = Contemporary Ethics: Taking Account of Utilitarianism | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell |date=November 1998 | isbn = 9780631202943}}
* {{cite book |last = Sidgwick | first = Henry | title = Methods of Ethics | publisher = Hackett Publishing Co, Inc; 7th Revised edition |date=1981 | isbn = 9780915145287}}
* Silverstein, Harry S. 1972. A Defence of Cornman's Utilitarian Kantian Principle. ''Philosophical Studies'' 23: 212–215.
* Singer, Peter. 1981. ''The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology.'' Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
* {{cite book |last = Singer |first = Peter |title = Animal Liberation |year = 2001 |publisher = Ecco Press |isbn = 9780060011574}}
* {{cite book |last = Singer | first = Peter | title = Practical Ethics, Third Edition | publisher = Cambridge University Press |date=2011 | isbn = 9780521707688}}
* {{cite book |last = Slote |first = Michael|title = From Morality to Virtue|year = 1995|publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn = 978019509392-6|chapter = The Main Issue between Unitarianism and Virtue Ethics}}
* Slote, Michael. [[1984]]. Satisficing Consequentialism. ''Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes'' 58:139–176. JSTOR 4106846. doi:10.1093/aristoteliansupp/58.1.139.
 
*Slote, Michael. [[1984]]. Satisficing Consequentialism. ''Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes'' 58:139–176. JSTOR 4106846. doi:10.1093/aristoteliansupp/58.1.139.
*Smart, J. J. C., et Bernard Williams. [[1973]]. ''Utilitarianism: For and Against.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521098229.
*Smart, J. J. C. [[1956]]. Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism. ''The Philosophical Quarterly'' 6:344–354. JSTOR 2216786. doi:10.2307/2216786.
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*Smith, Wilson. [[1954]]. William Paley's Theological Utilitarianism in America. ''William and Mary Quarterly,'' series tertia, 11(3):402. doi:10.2307/1943313.
* {{cite book |last = Soifer |first = Eldon|title = Ethical Issues: Perspectives for Canadians|year = 2009|publisher = Broadview Press|isbn = 9781551118741 }}
* Stokes, Eric. 1963. ''The English Utilitarians and India.'' Clarendon Press.
*Urmson, J. O. [[1953]]. The Interpretation of the Moral Philosophy of J. S. Mill. ''The Philosophical Quarterly'' 3:33–39. JSTOR 2216697. doi:10.2307/2216697.
* Urmson, J. O. 1953. The Interpretation of the Moral Philosophy of J. S. Mill. ''Philosophical Quarterly'' 3:33–39.
 
==Bibliographia addita==
*Cornman, James, et al. [[1992]]. ''Philosophical Problems and Arguments: An Introduction.'' Ed. 4a. Indianapoli: Hackett Publishing Co.
*Glover, Jonathan. [[1977]]. ''Causing Death and Saving Lives.'' Penguin Books.
*Harwood, Sterling. [[2003]]. Eleven Objections to Utilitarianism.'' In ''Moral Philosophy: A Reader,'' ed. Louis P. Pojman. Indianapoli: Hackett Publishing Co.<!-- + in Sterling Harwood, ed., Business as Ethical and Business as Usual, Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1996, Chapter 7.-->
*Mackie, J. L. [[1991]]. ''Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong.'' Penguin Books. ISBN 9780140135589.
*Martin, Michael, cum H. Ruf. [[1970]]. A Utilitarian Kantian Principle. ''Philosophical Studies'' 21:90–91.
*Rachels, James, et Stuart Rachels. [[2012]]. ''The Elements of Moral Philosophy.'' McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 9780078038242.
*Scheffler, Samuel. [[1988]]. ''Consequentialism and Its Critics.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198750734.
* Silverstein, Harry S. [[1972]]. ''A Defence of Cornman's Utilitarian Kantian Principle.'' Philosophical Studies (Dordrecht u.a.) 23, 212–215.
*Singer, Peter. [[1993]]. ''A Companion to Ethics.'' Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9780631187851. Praecipue capitula 19, Consequentialism, et 20, The Utility and the Good.
*Singer, Peter. [[1981]]. ''The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology.'' Novi Eboraci: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. ISBN 0374151121.
*Stokes, Eric. [[1963]]. ''The English Utilitarians and India.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press.
*Sumner, L. Wayne. ''Abortion: A Third Way.'' Princetoniae Novae Caesareae: Princeton University Press.
*Williams, Bernard. [[1993]]. ''Morality: An Introduction to Ethics.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521457293. Praecipue capitulum 10, Utilitarianism.
 
==Nexus externi==
{{div col|2}}
*[http://www.felicifia.org/wiki ''Wiki Felicifia.'']<!--collaboratively edited encyclopaedia for utilitarians-->
*Montgomerie, Ian. [http://www.lri.fr/~dragice/utilitarianism/faq.html ''A Utilitiarian FAQ.'']
*Phillips, Nigel. [http://www.utilitarian.org/faq.html utilitarian.org FAQ.]<!--utilitarianism by site affiliated with David Pearce-->
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