Quantum redactiones paginae "Epistemologia" differant

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[[Fasciculus:Classical-Definition-of-Kno.svg|thumb|Secundum [[Plato]]nem, omnis [[Scientia (ratio)|scientia]] (circulus [[flavus]]) est propositio vera (circulus [[ruber]]) et credita (circulus [[caeruleus]]). Tabula Anglice signata.]]
'''Epistemologia'''<ref name="Axters1937">Axters, S. (1937). ''Scholastiek lexicon Latijn-Nederlandsch.'' Antwerpen: Geloofsverdediging.</ref> (ab [[lingua Anglica|Anglico]] ''epistemology'' a verbis [[lingua Graeca|Graecis]] [[wiktionary:ἐπιστήμη|ἐπιστήμη]] 'scientia' + [[wiktionary:λόγος|λόγος]] 'sermo; ratio' deductum) est pars [[philosophia]]e quae de [[natura]] et finibus [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] et [[perceptio]]nis tractat.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = G & C. Merriam Co. | authorlink1 = Merriam-Webster | title = Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary | edition = [[1913]] | editors = Noah Porter | publisher = G & C. Merriam Co. | year = [[1913]] | page = 501 | url = http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=epistemology&use1913=on | accessdate = [[13 Maii]] [[2012]] | quote = E*pis`te*mol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. knowledge + -logy.] The theory or science of the method or grounds of knowledge}}.</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of Philosophy,'' vol. 3 (Macmillan, 1967).</ref> Quaestiones magni momenti in epistemologia sunt:
* Quid sit scientia
* Quomodo adsumatur scientia
* Quot res sciri possint.
 
Disceptationes in hac disciplina ortae plerumque ad ingenium scientiae [[explicatio philodophica|explicandum]] contulerunt, et quidem ad id pertinuerunt, quomodo haec disputationes ad notiones propinquas ([[veritas|veritatem]], [[fides|fidem]], [[theoria iustificationis|iustificationem]]) referantur. [[scepticismus|Sceptici]] autem docent nullam scientiam certam esse. Omnia haec aliquando ''doctrina scientiae'' appellantur.
 
Nomen ''epistemology'' a [[Iacobus Fridericus Ferrier|Iacobo Friderico Ferrier]] (1808–1864) [[philosophus|philosopho]] [[Scotia|Scotico]] [[Anglice]] excogitatum est.<ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica Online,'' 2007.</ref>
 
== Scientia quod, scientia quomodo, scientia per familiaritatem ==
Hoc in commentario, et latissime in epistemologia, genus scientiae usitate disceptum est [[logica propositionalis]], etiam "scientia quod" appellatum, notio quae a "scientia quomodo" et "scientia per familiaritatem" distinguenda est. Exempli gratia: in [[mathematica]], scitur ''quod'' 2 + 2 = 4, sed est scientia ''quomodo'' addere [[duo]]s [[numerus|numeros]] et scire ''[[persona]]m'' (e.g., se), ''locum'' (e.g., sui locus natalis), ''rem'' (e.g., [[automobile|automobilia]]), vel ''industriam'' (e.g., additio). Nonnulli [[philosophus|philosophi]] putant esse distinctionem magni momenti inter "scientiam quod," "scientiam quomodo," et "scientiam per familiaritatem," quarum epistemologia praecipue primam curat.<!--NOTA IN EN OMITTITUR-->
 
[[Bertrandus Russell]] in [[liber|libro]] ''Problems of Philosophy'' "[[scientia per descriptionem|scientiam per descriptionem]]" (genus scientiae quod) et "[[scientia per familiaritatem|scientiam per familiaritatem]]" insigniter distinguit. [[Gilbertus Ryle]] saepe habetur in ''The Concept of Mind'' ('Notio mentis') distinctionem "scientiae quomodo" et "scientiae quod" vehementius dixisse. In ''Personal Knowledge,'' [[Michael Polanyi]] arguit "scientiam quomodo" et "scientiam quod" ad epistemologicam attingunt; per exemplum actionis hominis qui se librat cum [[birota]]m vehitur, subicit theoreticam [[physica]]e scientiam<!-- involved in maintaining a state of [[Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics#Balance|balance]]--> usum<!--practical knowledge--> quomodo vehi substituere non posse, et scire quomodo ambo instituuntur et conduntur esse magni momenti. Haec positio necessario est positio Ryle, qui arguit non confiteri distinctionem "scientiae quod" et "scientiae quomodo" ad regressus vitiosos ducere. Qui habet pennem magnum.
 
Temporibus recentioribus, nonnulli epistemologi ([[Ioannes Greco (philosophus)|Greco]], [[Ionathan Kvanvig|Kvanvig]], [[Ernestus Sosa|Sosa]], [[Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski|Zagzebski]]) arguerunt epistemologiam proprietates hominum (h.e., virtutes intellectus) et non solum proprietates propositionum vel animorum propositionalium aestimandam esse.
 
== Scholae Epistemologiae ==
* [[Empirismus]]
* [[Gnosologia]]
* [[Ontologia]]
* [[Phaenomenologia]]
* [[Philosophia mentis]]
* [[Rationalismus]]
* [[Scientia cognitiva]]
* [[Scepticismus]]
 
== Epistemologi clarissimi ==
* [[Aristoteles]]
* [[Renatus Cartesius]]
* [[David Hume]]
* [[Iohannes Locke]]
* [[Immanuel Kantius]]
* [[Benedictus de Spinoza]]
 
== Vide etiam ==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Agnotologia]]
* [[Agnotologia]]
*[[Doctrina incertitudinis]]
* [[Editologia]]
* [[Epistemologia cybernetica]]
* [[Epistemologia evolutionaris]]
* [[Epistemologia formalis]]
* [[Epistemologia Orientalis]]
* [[Epistemologia reformata]]
* [[Epistemologia socialis]]
* [[Epistemologia virtutis]]
* [[Evidentialismus]]
* [[Evidentialitas]]
* [[Metaepistemologia]]
* [[Methodologia]]
* [[Noologia]]
* [[Nyaya]]
* [[Ontologia physica]]
* [[Phaneron]]
* [[Probabilitas Bayesiana]]
* [[SociologiaRatio scientiaescientifica]]
*[[Sociologia scientiae]]
*[[Transcendentia (philosophia)|Transcendentia]]
* [[Trilemma Agrippae]]<!--
Adaptive representation
Conveyed concept
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Monopolies of knowledge
Participatory epistemology
Scientific method
Self-evidence-->
{{div col end}}
 
== Notae ==
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===Bibliographia===<!--
* The [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/ London Philosophy Study Guide] offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/Ep&Meth.htm Epistemology & Methodology]-->
* Annis, David. [[1978]]. A Contextualist Theory of Epistemic Justification. ''American Philosophical Quarterly'' 15:213–219.
* [[Alfredus Iulius Ayer|Ayer, Alfred Jules]]. [[1936]]. ''Language, Truth, and Logic.''
* BonJour, Laurence. [[2002]]. ''Epistemology: Classic Problems and Contemporary Responses.'' Lanham, Terrae Mariae: Rowman & Littlefield.
* Boufoy-Bastick, Z. [[2005]]. Introducing "Applicable Knowledge" as a Challenge to the Attainment of Absolute Knowledge. ''Sophia: Journal of Philosophy'' 8:39–51.
* [[Lucas Bovens|Bovens, Luc]], et Stephan Hartmann. [[2003]]. ''Bayesian Epistemology.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
* [[Panayot Butchvarov|Butchvarov, Panayot]]. [[1970]]. ''The Concept of Knowledge.'' Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
* Cohen, Stewart.[[1998]]. Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems: Skepticism, Gettier, and the Lottery. ''Australasian Journal of Philosophy'' 76(2):289–306. doi 10.1080/00048409812348411.
* Cohen, Stewart. [[1999]]. Contextualism, Skepticism, and Reasons. In ''Epistemology,'' ed. James Tomberlin. Blackwell Publishing.
* Dancy, Jonathan. [[1991]]. ''An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology.'' Ed. 2a. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-631-13622-30631136223.
* [[Keith DeRose|DeRose, Keith]]. [[1992]]. Contextualism and Knowledge Attributions. ''Philosophy and Phenomenological Research'' 15:213–219.
* [[Keith DeRose|DeRose, Keith]]. [[1999]]. Contextualism: An Explanation and Defense. In ''Blackwell Guide to Epistemology,'' ed. J. Greco et E. Sosa. Blackwell Publishing.
* [[Renatus Cartesius|Descartes, Rene]]. [[1641]]. ''Meditations on First Philosophy.''
* Feldman, Richard. [[1999]]. Contextualism and Skepticism. In ''Epistemology,'' ed. James Tomberlin, 91–114. Blackwell Publishing.
* [[Edmundus Gettier|Gettier, Edmund]]. [[1963]]. Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? ''Analysis'' 23:121–123. [http://www.ditext.com/gettier/gettier.html Versio interretialis.]
* Greco, J., et E. Sosa. [[1999]]. Blackwell Publishing.
* [[Errol Harris|Harris, Errol E.]] [[1970]]. ''Hypothesis And Perception.'' Londinii: George Allen and Unwin. Liber retractatus, 2002, Londinii: Routledge.
* [[Sterling Harwood|Harwood, Sterling]]. [[1989]] Taking Skepticism Seriously—And In Context. ''Philosophical Investigations'' 12(3):223–233. doi 10.1111/j.1467-9205.1989.tb00275.x.
* Hay, Clare. [[2008]]. ''The Theory of Knowledge: A Coursebook.'' Cantabrigiae: The Lutterworth Press. ISBN 978-0-7188-3088-59780718830885.
* Hawthorne, John. [[2005]]. The Case for Closure. ''Contemporary Debates in Epistemology,'' ed. Peter Sosa et Matthias Steup, 26–43.
* [[Vincentius F. Hendricks|Hendricks, Vincent F.]] [[2006]]. ''Mainstream and Formal Epistemology.'' Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press.
* [[Immanuel Kantius|Kant, Immanuel]]. [[1781]]. ''[[Critica rationis purae]].''
* [[Morris T. Keeton|Keeton, Morris T.]] [[1962]]. Empiricism. In ''Dictionary of Philosophy,'' ed. Dagobert D. Runes, 89–90. Totowa Novae Caesareae: Littlefield, Adams, and Company.
* [[SørenSeverinus Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard, Søren]]. [[1844]]. ''[[Philosophical Fragments]].''
* [[Ricardus Kirkham|Kirkham, Richard]]. [[1984]]. Does the Gettier Problem Rest on a Mistake? ''Mind'' 93.
* [[Petrus D. Klein|Klein, Peter]]. [[1981]]. ''Certainty: a Refutation of Skepticism.'' MinneapoleMinneapoli: University of Minnesota Press.
* [[Henry E. Kyburg, Jr.|Kyburg, H. E.]] [[1961]]. ''Probability and the Logic of Rational Belief.'' Middletown Connecticutae: Wesleyan University Press.
* [[Alfredus Korzybski|Korzybski, Alfred]]. [[1933]], [[1994]]. ''Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics.'' Ed. 5a. Ft. Worth Texiae: Institute of General Semantics.
* [[David Kellogg Lewis|Lewis, David]]. [[1996]]. Elusive Knowledge. ''Australian Journal of Philosophy'' 74(4):549–567. doi 10.1080/00048409612347521.
* [[Morin, Edgar]]. [[1986]]. ''La Méthode, Tome 3, La Connaissance de la connaissance.''
* [[Adam Morton|Morton, Adam]]. [[2002]]. ''A Guide Through the Theory of Knowledge.'' Ed. 3a. Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-0012140510012-5.
* Nelson, Quee. [[2007]]. ''The Slightest Philosophy.'' Indianapole: Dog Ear Publishing.
* [[Ilkka Niiniluoto|Niiniluoto, Ilkka]]. [[2002]]. ''Critical Scientific Realism.'' Oxoniae: Oxford Univ. Press.
* [[Plato]]. ''[[Meno]].''.
* [[Carolus Popper|Popper, Karl R.]] [[1972]]. ''Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach.'' Oxoniae: Oxford Univ. Press.
* Preyer, G., F. Siebelt, et A. Ulfig. [[1994]]. ''Language, Mind and Epistemology.'' Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
* [[Ayn Rand|Rand, Ayn]]. [[1979]]. ''Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology.'' Novi Eboraci: Meridian.
* [[Bertrandus Russell|Russell, Bertrand]]. [[1912]]. ''The Problems of Philosophy.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press.
* [[Bertrandus Russell|Russell, Bertrand]]. [[1940]]. ''An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth.'' Nottingham: Spokesman Books.
* [[Georgius Santayana|Santayana, George]]. [[1923]]. ''Scepticism and Animal Faith.'' Novi Eboraci: Charles Scribner's Sons. Londinii: Constable and Co.
* [[Africanus Spir|Spir, Afrikan]]. [[1877]]. ''Denken und Wirklichkeit: Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie.'' Ed. 2a. Lipsiae: J. G. Findel.
* Schiffer, Stephen. [[1996]]. Contextualist Solutions to Skepticism. ''Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society'' 96:317–333.
* Steup, Matthias. [[2005]]. Knowledge and Skepticism. ''Contemporary Debates in Epistemology,'' ed. Peter Sosa et Matthias Steup, 1–13.
* Tomberlin, James, ed. [[1999]]. ''Epistemology.'' Philosophical Perspectives, 13. Blackwell Publishing.
* [[Ludovicus Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein, Ludwig]]. [[1922]]. ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]].'' Conv. C. K. Ogden. Dover. [http://www.kfs.org/~jonathan/witt/tlph.html Liber interretialis.]
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