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[[Fasciculus:Hypothalamus.jpg|thumb|upright||[[Magneticae resonantiae imago]] (MRI) [[cerebrum]] [[homo sapiens|humanum]] monstrat. Sagitta locum [[hypothalamus|hypothalami]] indicat.]]▼
[[Fasciculus:Grouptherapy.jpg|right|thumb|Psychologi clinici singulis, [[puer]]is, [[familia|familiis]], [[coniugium|coniugiis]], et parvis gregibus operam dant.]]▼
'''Psychologia'''<ref name="Kraus">Kraus, L.A. (1844). ''Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon'' (Dritte Auflage). Göttingen: Verlag der Deuerlich- und Dieterichschen Buchhandlung.</ref> est [[academia|academica]] et [[scientia applicata|applicata]] [[disciplina]] [[ratio scientifica|scientifica]] quae [[ratio mentis|rationes mentis]] ac [[mos|morum]] cognoscit. Psychologia immediatum{{dubsig}}<!--unmediated?--> scopum{{dubsig}} intellegendorum individuorum atque globorum habet et statuendis generalibus principiis et investigandis specificis casibus, et secundum multas versiones, ultimo [[animus|animo]] intendit societati prodesse. Hoc campo, professionalis factitans aut investigator psychologus nuncupatur, et velut scientificus [[scientia socialis|socialis]], [[scientia morum|moris]], aut [[scientia (ratio)|cognitivus]] describi potest. Psychologi munera rationum mentis in singulis ac [[societas humana|societatibus]] intellegere conantur, dum etiam [[physiologia|physiologicos]] ac [[neuroscientia|neurobiologicos]] rationes subiacentes sub quibusdam cognitivis functionibus et moribus investigant.
[[Fasciculus:Psi2.svg|thumb|left|90px|Littera [[psi]], psychologiae symbolum.]]
Inter notiones a psychologis investigatas sunt [[perceptio]], [[cognitio]], [[attentio]], [[motus animi]], [[phaenomenologia (psychologica)|phaenomenologia]], [[motivatio]], [[cerebrum|rationes cerebri]], [[personalitas]], [[mores]], et [[relatio interpersonalis|relationes interpersonales]]. Variorum generum psychologi etiam [[inconscium]] considerant. Psychologi [[ratio empirica|ratione empirica]] utuntur ad inferendas [[causalitas|causales]] et [[correlatio]]nales relationes inter psychosocialia [[variabilia dependentia et independentia|variabilia]]. [[Empiricus|Empiricarum]] et [[exemplum deductivo-normologicum|deductivarum]] rationum usui addentes, aut dissidentes, aliqui, praesertim [[psychologia clinica|clinici]] et [[psychologia consiliaria|consiliarii]] psychologi, aliquando [[hermeneutica|symbolica interpretatione]] et aliis [[ratiocinatio inductiva|inductivis]] technicis confidunt. Psychologia "scientia media" descripta est, quia psychologica inventa investigationi et conspectibus e [[scientia socialis|scientiis socialibus]], [[scientia naturalis|scientiis naturalibus]], [[medicina]], et [[humanitates|humanitatibus]], tali [[philosophia]], conectuntur.
▲[[Fasciculus:Hypothalamus.jpg|thumb|upright||[[Magneticae resonantiae imago]] (MRI) [[cerebrum]] [[homo sapiens|humanum]] monstrat. Sagitta locum [[hypothalamus|hypothalami]] indicat.]]
Donec psychologica [[gnaritas]] [[evaluatio psychologica|taxationi psychologicae]] et [[valetudo mentis|valetudinis mentis]] [[psychopathologia|problematum]] [[psychotherapia|tractationi]] applicari solet, etiam ad intellegenda et solvenda quaestiones in multis dissimilibus [[mores humanae|activitatis humanae]] [[sphaera|sphaeris]]{{dubsig}} dirigitur. Plerique psychologi in aliquo therapeutici muneris genere involvuntur, quod clinico, [[consilatio (psychologia)|consiliario]], [[psychologia scholaris|schola]]ri ambitu colunt. Multi scientificas investigationes de ampla varietate quaestionum relatarum ad mentales processus moresque faciunt, et usitate in facultatibus psychologiae operantur aut aliis academicis ambitibus (e.g. in [[schola medica|scholis medicis]] et [[nosocomium|nosocomiis]]) docent. Aliqui [[psychologia operis et organizationum|industrialibus organizationalibusque]] ambitibus aut laborant aliis campis, sicuti [[psychologia evolutiva|humanae vitae cursu ac senescentiā]] [[psychologia athletica|disportibus]], [[psychologia valetudinis|valetudine]], et [[psychologia mediorum|mediis]], non minus quam [[psychologia forensis|forensi investigatione]] atque aliis aspectibus [[psychologia iuridica|legalibus]].
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==Historia==
[[Fasciculus:Wundt-research-group.jpg|thumb|[[Gulielmus Wundt]] (sedens) cum collegis in suo laboratorio psychologico, primo eius generis. Wundt psychologiam instituit ut proprius investigationum [[scientia (ratio)|scientificarum]] ramus, a disciplinis [[philosophia]] et [[biologia]] liber.]]▼
Psychologiae studium [[philosophia|philosophico]] in ambitu originem trahit ab antiquis [[civilizatio]]nibus [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypti]], [[Graecia antiqua|Graeciae]], [[Humanus Cultus Sericae|Sinarum]], [[Historia Indica|Indiae]] et [[Imperia et regna Iraniae|Persiae]]. [[Historiographus|Historiographi]] antiquorum Graecorum philosophorum scripta, inter quae [[Thales|Thalis]], [[Plato]]nis et [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] (praesertim tractatus [[De anima (Aristoteles)|De anima]]), putant primum significativum corpus locuples in [[Humanus Cultus Occidentalis|Occidente]] de psychologica cogitatione. Tam antique quam [[saeculum 4 a.C.n.|saeculo IV a.C.n.]], Graecus physicus [[Hippocrates]] theoriam condidit ut [[Morbus mentis|morbis mentis]] physicae, potius quam divinae, naturae erant.
===Structuralismus===
▲[[Fasciculus:Wundt-research-group.jpg|thumb|[[Gulielmus Wundt]] (sedens) cum collegis in suo laboratorio psychologico, primo eius generis. Wundt psychologiam instituit ut proprius investigationum [[scientia (ratio)|scientificarum]] ramus, a disciplinis [[philosophia]] et [[biologia]] liber.]]
[[Germania|Germanus]] [[physica|physicus]] [[Gulielmus Wundt]] psychologicam repertionem intra [[laboratorium|laboratorii]] ambitum introduxisse creditur. "[[psychologia experimentalis|Psychologiae experimentalis]] pater" appellatus, primum laboratorium psychologicum in [[Alma Mater Lipsiensis|Alma Matre Lipsiensi]] anno [[1879]] condidit. Gulielmus Wundt animum attendit ad rumpendos processus mentales in basicissima elementa, partim incitatus analogiā cum recentibus profectibus in [[chemia]] et eius prospera investigatione de [[elementum|elementis]] ac [[Materia (physica)|materiae]] structura. Quamquam ipse Wundt [[structuralismus|structuralista]] non erat, eius discipulus [[Eduardus Titchener]], celeber homo in primaeva [[CFA|Statunitensi]] psychologia, structuralista cogitator erat, oppositus [[functionalismus|functionalisticis]] appropinquationibus.
===Functionalismus===
▲[[Fasciculus:Grouptherapy.jpg
[[Functionalismus]] formatus est velut reactio contra [[structuralismus|structuralisticae]] cognitionis scholae theorias et valde affectus est opere [[CFA|Statunitensis]] philosophi, scientifici et psychologi [[Gulielmus James|Gulielmi James]]. Gulielmus James ut psychologia practicum valorem habere deberet et ut psychologi quomodo mens operari hominum beneficio posset invenire deberent sentivit. In cuius libro [[Principia Psychologiae]], anno [[1890]] edito, quaestionum multis fundamenta peperit quas psychologi secutis annis explorarent.Inter alios functionalistas cogitatores sunt [[Ioannes Dewey]] et [[Herveus Carr]].
Alii [[saeculum 19|saeculi
Ineunte [[decennium 196|decennio 196]], technicae experimentales antea a [[Gulielmus Wundt|Gulielmo Wundt]], [[Gulielmus James|Gulielmo James]], [[Hermannus Ebbinghaus|Hermanno Ebbinghaus]] et aliis positae reiteratae sunt, quia psychologia experimentalis magis magisque [[cognitivismus|cognitivista]], scilicet in [[informatio]]ne ac [[tractatio informationis|tractatione]] versata, facta est, et, denique, partem amplioris [[scientia cognitiva|scientiae cognitivae]] constituit. Primis annis, haec evolutio [[revolutio]]naria visa est, quia non solum respondebat sed reegit in cogitationis nixus, inclusis [[psychodynamica]] et [[moratismus|moratismo]], qui praeterea evoluti erant.
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===Psychoanalysis===
E [[decennium 190|decennio 190]], [[Austria]]cus [[medicus]] [[Sigmundus Freud]] [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalysin]] evolvit, quae [[methodus|methodon]] investigandae [[mens|mentis]] et interpretandae [[experientia]]e, systematizatam collectionem [[theoria]]e de [[mores|moribus]] et [[psychotherapia]]e formam psychologicum ac [[Motus animi|commotionalem]] [[angor]]em, apprime inconscium [[conflictus|conflictum]], tractantem comprehendebat. Sigmundi Freud theoria psychoanalytica magnopere in interpretatoriis methodis, [[introspectio]]ne et observationibus clinicis fundata est. Notissima facta est, magnopere quia themata talem [[Sexualitas humana|sexualitatem]], [[repressio psychologica|repressionem]] et [[inconscium]] velut generales psychologicae evolutionis aspectus attingit. Quae magnopere themata silenda illo tempore considerata sunt, et quibus Sigmundus Freud catalytrum praebuit ut aperte in perurbana societate dissererentur. Clinice, Sigmundus Freud ad innovandam [[associatio libera|associationis liberae]] methodon et ad creandum [[oniromantia]]e desiderium adiuvit.
[[Fasciculus:Hall Freud Jung in front of Clark.jpg|
Sigmundus Freud
Psychoanalytica theoria et therapia a psychologis velut [[Ioannes Eysenck|Ioanne Eysenck]] et a philosophis velut [[Carolus Popper|Carolo Popper]] improbatae sunt. Carolus Popper, [[philosophia scientiae|philosophus scientiae]], psychoanalysin [[scientia (ratio)|scientificam]] disciplinam male putata esse arguit, quandoquidem [[Ioannes Eysenck]] psychoanalyticis dogmatibus [[experimentum|experimentalia]] data repugnavisse dixit. Exeunte [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]], facultates psychologiae [[positivismus| scientifice ordinatae]] erant, theoriam Freudianam marginantes et eam velut "desiccatum et mortuum" historicum artefactum dimittentes. Nihilominus investigatores in emergente [[neuropsychoanalysis|neuropsychoanalyseōs]] campo aliquas Sigmundi Freud ideas scientificis ambitibus propugnavere, dum [[humaniora|humaniorum]] docti Sigundum Freud non esse "scientificum prorsus, sed . . . [[hermeneutica|interpretem]]" sustinebant.
===Moratismus===
[[Fasciculus:Shibuya tokyo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Psychologia socialis]] [[natura]]m causasque [[mos|morum]] socialium investigat.]]
[[Imago:Skinner teaching machine 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Burrhus Fridericus Skinner|Burrhi Friderici Skinner]] [[machina discentiae]], mechanica inventio ad automatizandum [[instructio programmata|instructionis programmatae]] pensum.]]▼
In [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis]], [[moratismus]] dominans schola per [[decennium 196]] factus est. [[Moratismus]] est disciplina ineunte [[saeculum 20|saeculo XX]] ab [[Ioannes Broadus Watson|Ioanne Broado Watson]] statuta et ab [[Eduardus Thorndike|Eduardo Thorndike]], [[Clericus Leornadus Hull|Clerico Leonardo Hull]], [[Eduardus C. Tolman|Eduardo C. Tolman]] posteaque a [[Burrhus Fridericus Skinner|Burrho Friderico Skinner]] ambiata extensaque. Theoriae discentiae emphasin in modis ponunt quibus homines suis ambitibus praedisponi aut condicionari possunt ut se quibusdam modis gerant.
[[Condicionatio classica]] primum moratisticum exemplar fuit. Quod proponebat ut [[mos|morum]] proclivitates immediatis associationibus inter varios ambitales stimulos et voluptatis aut doloris sequentis gradu determinarentur. Morum formae, tunc, in [[condicionatio|condicionatis]] organismorum responsis ad ambitales stimulos consistere intellegebantur. Stimuli influxum exercere putabantur pro sua priore repetitione aut pro praevia associati [[dolor]]is aut [[voluptas|voluptatis]] intensitate. Multa investigatio in [[animal]]i experimentatione in laboratorio fundata consistebat, cuius plebis favor augebat dum [[physiologia]] sollertior fiebat.
▲[[
[[Burrhus Fridericus Skinner|Burrhi Friderici Skinner]] moratismus cum suis decessoribus philosophicam inclinationem ad [[positivismus|positivismum]] et [[determinismus|determinismum]] condividit. Mentis contenta scientifico scrutinio non aperta esse et scientificam psychologiam in observabilium morum studio emphasin posituram esse credebat. Relationes inter mores et ambitum attendit et publicas ac privatas mores velut functionem organismi cum suo ambitu interagendi analyzavit. Moratistae plerumque reiecerunt aut emphasin sustulere in [[dualismus (philosophia mentis)|dualisticis]] explanationibus velut "mente" aut "[[conscientia]]"; et, pro investiganda "inconscia mente" inscientiam subiacente, locuti sunt de "contigentiā formatis moribus" ubi inscientia exterius manifesta facta est.
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Notanda incidentia in moratismi historia [[Ioannes Broadus Watson|Ioannis Broadi Watson]] [[Experimentum Parvi Alberti]], ubi applicata est [[condicionatio classica]] humani pueri evolutioni, et dissimilitudinis clarificatio inter [[condicionatio classica|condicionationem classicam]] et [[condicionatio operans|condicionationem operantem]] sive instrumentalem, primum a Miller et Kanorski et postea a [[Burrhus Fridericus Skinner|Burrho Friderico Skinner]], sunt. [[Burrhus Fridericus Skinner|Burrhi Friderici Skinner]] versio de moratismo emphasin in [[condicionatio operans|condicionatione operante]] posuit, per quam mores suis consequentiis corroborantur aut hebetantur.
[[
===Humanismus===
[[Fasciculus:Hierarchia necessitatum Abrahami Maslow.PNG|thumb
[[Fasciculus:Figural Relationships.svg|thumb|Exemplum rei in examine facultatum cognitivarum in psychologia educationali adhibito.]]
[[Psychologia humanistica]] [[anni 1950|annis 1950]] exstitit quasi motio [[behaviorismus|behaviorismum]] et [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalysin]] retro agens. [[Phaenomenologia (psychologia)|Phaenomenologiae]], [[intersubiectivitas|intersubiectivitatis]] ac primae personae categoriarum usu, humanistica consideratio totum hominem—haud fractas [[personalitas|personalitatis]] aut cognitivae perfunctionis partes—conspicari quaerit. Humanismus praesertim et solum [[homo|humanas]] quaestiones utputa individualem liberam voluntatem, profectum personalem, [[autorealizatio]]nem, [[autoconceptus|autoconceptum]], [[mors|mortem]], [[solitudo|solitudinem]], [[liberum arbitrium]] et [[sensus vitae|sensum vitae]] incumbit. Humanistica consideratio ob suam emphasin in subiectivo significato, [[determinismus|determinismi]] reiectione et curā positivi profectus magis quam [[pathologia]]e distinguebatur. Aliqui humanisticae [[cogitatio]]nis scholae conditores [[Statunitensis|Statunitenses]] psychologi erant: [[Abrahamus Maslow]], qui [[Hierarchia necessitatum Abrahami Maslow|humanarum necessitatum hierarchiam]] formulavit, et [[Carolus Rogers]], qui [[Psychotherapia collineata ad hominem|therapiam collineatam ad clientem]] creavit et evolvit. Postea, [[psychologia positiva]] humanistica themata ad [[scientia (ratio)|scientificos]] explorationis modos pandit.▼
[[Fasciculus:MorrisWaterMaze.jpg|thumb|[[Rattus]] in [[experimentum navigationis aquaticae Morrisianum|experimento navigationis aquaticae Morrisiano]] natat, ratione in [[neuroscientia morum]]<!--behavioral neuroscience--> ad partes [[hippocampus|hippocampi]] in [[eruditio spatialis|eruditione spatiali]]<!--?s. learning--> [[memoria]]que actas investigandas adhibita.]]
▲[[Psychologia humanistica]] [[anni 1950|annis 1950]] exstitit quasi motio [[behaviorismus|behaviorismum]] et [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalysin]] retro agens. [[Phaenomenologia (psychologia)|Phaenomenologiae]], [[intersubiectivitas|intersubiectivitatis]] ac primae personae categoriarum usu, humanistica consideratio totum hominem—haud fractas [[personalitas|personalitatis]] aut cognitivae perfunctionis partes—conspicari quaerit. Humanismus praesertim et solum [[homo|humanas]] quaestiones utputa individualem liberam voluntatem, profectum personalem, [[autorealizatio]]nem, [[autoconceptus|autoconceptum]], [[mors|mortem]], [[solitudo|solitudinem]], [[liberum arbitrium]] et [[sensus vitae|sensum vitae]] incumbit. Humanistica consideratio ob suam emphasin in subiectivo significato, [[determinismus|determinismi]] reiectione et curā positivi profectus magis quam [[pathologia]]e distinguebatur. Aliqui humanisticae [[cogitatio]]nis scholae conditores [[
===Gestaltismus===
[[Wolfgangus Köhler]], [[Maximus Wertheimer]], et [[Conradus Koffka]] [[psychologia Gestaltica|psychologiae gestalticae]] scholam condidere. Haec consideratio in
[[Psychologia gestaltica]] cum [[Fridericus Perls|Friderici Perls]] [[therapia gestaltica]] non confundenda est, quae solum peripherice psychologiae gestalticae conectitur.<!--
===Exsistentialismus===
===Cognitivismus===-->
==Disciplinae==
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==Vide etiam==
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*[[Philosophia psychologiae]]
*[[Psychotherapia gregum]]
*[[Psychologia mediorum]]<!--
*[[List of important publications in psychology]]-->
==Notae==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
==Bibliographia==
{{div col|cols=2}}
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*Brock, Adrian C., ed. [[2006]]. ''Internationalizing the History of Psychology.'' Novi Eboraci: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814799444.
*Chin, Robert, et Ai-li S. Chin. [[1969]]. ''Psychological Research in Communist China: 1949–1966.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: M.I.T. Press. ISBN 9780262030328.
*Cina, Carol. [[1981]]. Social Science for Whom? A Structural History of Social Psychology. Ph.D. dissertatio. State University of New York at Stony Brook.
*Cocks, Geoffrey. [[1997]]. ''Psychotherapy in the Third Reich: The Göring Institute.'' Ed. 2a. Novi Brunsvici Novae Caesareae: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1560009047.
*Forgas, Joseph P., Kipling D. Williams, et Simon M. Laham. [[2005]]. ''Social Motivation: Conscious and Unconscious Processes.'' Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521832543.
*Gregory, Robert J. [[2011]]. ''Psychological Testing: History, Principles, and Applications.'' Ed. 6a. Bostoniae: Allyn & Bacon (Pearson). ISBN 9780205782147.
*Guthrie, Robert. [[1998]]. ''Even the Rat was White: A Historical View of Psychology.'' Ed. 2a. Bostoniae: Allyn and Bacon (Viacon). ISBN 0205149936.
*Leahey. [[2001]]. ''A History of Modern Psychology.'' Ed. 3a. Upper Saddle River Novae Caesareae: Prentice Hall (Pearson).
*Luria, A. R. [[1973]]. ''The Working Brain: An Introduction to Neuropsychology.'' Conv. Basil Haigh. Basic Books. ISBN 046509208X.
*Herman, Ellen. [[1993]]. Psychology as Politics: How Psychological Experts Transformed Public Life in the United States 1940–1970. Ph.D. dissertati. Brandeis University.
*Hock, Roger R. [[2002]]. ''Forty Studies That Changed Psychology|Forty Studies That Changed Psychology: Explorations Into the History of Psychological Research.'' Ed. 4a. Upper Saddle River, Novae Caesareae: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780130322630.
*Kozulin, Alex. [[1984]]. ''Psychology in Utopia: Toward a Social History of Soviet Psychology.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. ISBN 0262110873.
*Morgan, Robert D., Tara L. Kuther, et Corey J. Habben. [[2005]]. ''Life After Graduate School in Psychology: Insider's Advice from New Psychologists.'' Novi Eboraci: Psychology Press (Taylor & Francis Group). ISBN 184169410X.
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*Teo, Thomas. [[2005]]. ''The Critique of Psychology: From Kant to Postcolonial Theory.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer. ISBN 9780387253558.
*Wallace, Edwin R., IV, et John Gach, eds. [[2008]]. ''History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer. ISBN 9780387347080.
*Weiner, Bernard. [[2013]]. ''Human Motivation.'' Hoboken Novae Caesareae: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9780805807110
*Weiner, Irving B. [[2003]]. ''Handbook of Psychology.'' Hoboken Novae Caesareae: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471176699.
**1: ''History of Psychology.'' Donald K. Freedheim, ed. ISBN 0471383201.
**2: ''Research Methods in Psychology.'' John A. Schinka & Wayne F. Velicer, eds. ISBN 0471385131.
**3: ''Biological Psychology.'' Michela Gallagher & Randy J. Nelson, eds. ISBN 0471384038
**4: ''Experimental Psychology.'' Alice F. Healy & Robert W. Proctor, eds. ISBN 0471392626.
**8: ''Clinical Psychology.'' George Stricker, Thomas A. Widiger, eds. ISBN 0471392634.
{{div col end}}
==Bibliographia addita==
{{div col|cols=2}}
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{{div col end}}
==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Psychology|psychologiam}}
*{{dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Psychology/|Psychology}}
*
*[http://www.psychologicalscience.org/ Situs proprius,] www.psychologicalscience.org (Association for Psychological Science)
*[http://
*[http://www.psy.fsu.edu/history/history.html De historia,] www.psy.fsu.edu (The Florida State University, 2011)
*
*[http://www.logicortex.com/ ''Logicortex''] {{ling|Hispanice}}
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{{Scientiae humanae}}
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