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'''Abraham Noam Chomsky''' ({{IPA|[ˈnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski]}}; natus ''Avram Noam Chomsky'' [[Philadelphia]]e die [[7 Decembris]] [[1928]]) est [[Linguistica|linguista]] [[CFA|Americanus]] [[philosophia]]e<ref name="szabo">[http://chomsky.info/bios/2004----.htm Zoltán Gendler Szabó, "Noam Chomsky,"] in ''Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, 1860–1960'', ed. Ernest Lepore (2004). "Chomsky's intellectual life had been divided between his work in linguistics and his political activism, philosophy coming as a distant third. Nonetheless, his influence among analytic philosophers has been enormous because of three factors. First, Chomsky contributed substantially to a major methodological shift in the human sciences, turning away from the prevailing empiricism of the middle of the twentieth century: behaviorism in psychology, structuralism in linguistics and positivism in philosophy. Second, his groundbreaking books on syntax (Chomsky (1957, 1965)) laid a conceptual foundation for a new, cognitivist approach to linguistics and provided philosophers with a new framework for thinking about human language and the mind. And finally, he has persistently defended his views against all takers, engaging in important debates with many of the major figures in analytic philosophy."</ref> [[Scientia cognitiva|scientiarumque cognitivarum]] peritus, qui etiam [[activismus|activismo politico]] incumbit.
 
[[Institute Professor]] est et [[professor]] [[emeritus]] Facultatis Linguisticae & Philosophiae apud [[Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae|MIT]], ubi plus quinquaginta annos munere functus est.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/people/faculty/chomsky/index.html |title=MIT Department of Linguistics: People: Faculty: Noam Chomsky |publisher=Web.mit.edu |date= |accessdate=16 Augusti 2011}}</ref> Chomsky "pater linguisticae contemporaneae" dictus est,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200307140016 |title=Great thinkers of our time – Noam Chomsky|accessdate=2 Augusti 2008|last=Clark|first=Neil|date=14 Iulii 2003|publisher=[[New Statesman]]|quote=Regarded as the father of modern linguistics, founder of the field of transformational-generative grammar, which relies heavily on logic and philosophy.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/05/arts/a-changed-noam-chomsky-simplifies.html|title=A Changed Noam Chomsky Simplifies|accessdate=2 Augusti 2008 |last=Fox|first=Margalit|date=5 Decembris 1998|publisher=New York Times|quote= Noam Chomsky, father of modern linguistics and the field's most influential practitioner}}</ref><ref>Thomas Tymoczko, Jim Henle, James M. Henle, ''Sweet Reason: A Field Guide to Modern Logic'' (Birkhäuser, 2000), p. 101.</ref> atque magnus [[Philosophia analytica|philosophiae analyticae]] auctor.<ref name="szabo"/> Opera eius ad doctrinas scientificas (sicut [[informatica]]m, [[mathematica]]m, [[psychologia]]m) multum contulerunt.<ref>{{cite book | authorlink = Michael Sipser | author = Michael Sipser | year = [[1997]] | title = Introduction to the Theory of Computation | publisher = PWS Publishing | isbn = 0-534-94728-X053494728X}}.</ref><ref name="UMN Cognitive Science">{{cite web|url=http://www.cogsci.umn.edu/OLD/calendar/past_events/millennium/final.html |title=The Cognitive Science Millennium Project |publisher=Cogsci.umn.edu |date= |accessdate=16 Augusti 2011]}/</ref>
 
Chomsky, insignis [[cultura]]e auctor,<ref>Matt Dellinger, "Sounds and Sites: Noam Chomsky", ''[[The New Yorker]]'', [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/03/31/030331on_onlineonly02 Link], 31 Martii 2003, accessum 26 Ianuarii 2009.</ref> in notitiam omnium venit [[Anarcho-syndicalismus|anarcho-syndicalismi]] [[Socialismus libertarianus|socialismique libertariani]] fautor et [[Politica externa Civitatum Foederatarum|politicae externae Americanae]]<ref>[http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20030505/30953-the-accidental-bestseller-.html "The Accidental Bestseller], ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'', [[5 Maii]] [[2003]], accessum [[5 Martii]] [[2011]]. "Chomsky's controversial political works … became mainstream bestsellers."</ref> [[Capitalismus|capitalismique]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arnove|first=Anthony|title=In Perspective: Noam Chomsky|journal=International Socialism|year=[[1997]]|month=March|url=http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj74/arnove.htm|accessdate=[[29 Octobris]] [[2011]]}}</ref> reprehensor. Libro ''[[Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media]]'' inscripto, quem una cum [[Eduardus S. Herman|Eduardo S. Herman]] scripsit et anno [[1988]] edidit, se ad [[Media publica|publicorum mediorum]] criticam confert et [[exemplar propagandae|specimen propagandae]] proponit.
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== De vita et vitae cursu ==
Noam Chomsky, parentibus [[Populus Iudaicus|Iudaeis]] genitus, in [[East Oak Lane (Philadephia)|East Oak Lane]], uberi [[Philadelphia]]e [[Pennsilvania|Pennsilvaniensis]] vicinia, die [[7 Decembris]] [[1928]] in lucem editus est. [[Pater]], [[Gulielmus Chomsky]] (1896–1977), oriundus ex [[Ucraina]], munere professoris [[Lingua Hebraica|linguae Hebraicae]] apud [[Gratz College]] fungebatur ac socius societatis [[Industrial Workers of the World|IWW]] erat. Elsie Chomsky [[mater]] (Simonofsky nata in regione quae postmodo [[Ruthenia Alba]] facta est) in Civitatibus Foederatis adoleverat et, quod de marito non dici potest, "communi [[Dialectus Anglica Neo-Eboracensis|dialecto Anglica Neo-Eboracensi]]" loquebatur.<ref group="conv.">"ordinary New York English."</ref> Parentium autem amborum sermo patrius [[Lingua Iudaeogermanica|Iudaeogermanicus]] erat, sed Chomsky dixit vetitum fuisse hoc sermone loqui.<ref name=Goodman>{{cite web |url=http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20041126.htm |title=The Life and Times of Noam Chomsky, Noam Chomsky interviewed by Amy Goodman|publisher=www.chomsky.info |accessdate=2008-12-21|last=|first=}}.</ref> Chomsky, quamquam mater activismi radicalis annorum 1930 particeps fuit, potius ab avunculo affectus est, qui, cum nunquam quartam classem praeterierit, actorum diurnorum tabernulam possidebat, quae "fori intellectualis" loco fungebatur, ubi "professores huius et illius rei omnem per noctem inter se certabant."<ref group="conv.">"intellectual center—professors of this and that arguing all night."</ref><ref name="globetrotter.berkeley.edu">{{cite web|url=http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Chomsky/chomsky-con1.html |title=Conversation with Noam Chomsky, p. 1 of 5 |publisher=Globetrotter.berkeley.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-08-16}}/</ref> Chomsky etiam affectus est rebus radicalibus Hebraicis Zionisticisque, et in librariis versando anarchisticis.<ref name="globetrotter.berkeley.edu" />
 
[[Familia]]m in "[[getto]]ne Iudaeo" habitavisse describit,<ref group="conv.">"Jewish ghetto"</ref> qui in partibus Iudaeogermanica et Hebraica scissus sit, suamque familiam huic pertinuisse eumque "in cultura et litteris Hebraicis mers[isse],"<ref group="conv.">"immersed in Hebrew culture and literature"</ref> licet potius de "vico clauso culturali quam physico"<ref group="conv.">"cultural ghetto than a physical one"</ref> loquatur.<ref name="Conversations-with-History">Choamsky, Noam. Conversations with History, U. C. Berkeley, Martii 2002. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ghoXQxdk6s</ref> Contentionem quoque describit Chomsky cum [[Catholici Hibernici|Catholicis Hibernicis]] et Theodiscis et [[Antisemitismus|antisemitismo]] mediis annibus 1930. Memoria "convivia cervisialia"<ref group="conv.">"beer parties"</ref> tenet, [[Proelium Franciae|casum Lutetiae Theodiscis]] celebrantium.<ref name="Conversations-with-History"/> De [[ironia]], in Domu [[Societas Iesu|Iesuitica]] in [[America Centralis|Media America]] [[decennium 199|annibus 1980]] habitandi, inter [[puer]]itiam, inquit Chomsky, "Sola eramus familia Iudaea. Magno Catholicorum in terrore adolevi, quippe qui, cum ad scholam is, te feriant. Eos sciebam, cum ab illo aedificio extrema via venirent, quod Iesuitica schola erat, dementes esse antisemitistas. Longo tempore opus fuit, ut pueritiae memorias convincerem."<ref group="conv.">"We were the only Jewish family around. I grew up with a visceral fear of Catholics. They're the people who beat you up on your way to school. So I knew when they came out of that building down the street, which was the Jesuit school, they were raving anti-Semites. So childhood memories took a long time to overcome."</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Chomsky/Chomsky_Tapes_MAlbert.html | title = The Chomsky Tapes: Conversations with Michael Albert | date = November 2001 | journal = [[Z magazine]]}}.</ref>
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Commentarium primum Chomsky, cum annum decimum gerebat discipulusque in [[Oak Lane Day School|Oak Lane Country Day School]] erat, de [[Fascismus|fascismi]] extensionis comminatione post [[Barcino]]nis casum inter [[Bellum Civile Hispanicum]] scripsit. Ex quo annum duodecimum tertiumve decimum egit, plenius se ad res civiles anarchistas convertit.<ref>Kreisler (2002), {{cite web
|title=Chapter 1: Background
|url=http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Chomsky/chomsky-con1.html}}/</ref>
|accessdate=2007-09-03}}</ref>
 
Cum apud [[Central High School of Philadelphia]] gradum acceperit, Chomsky [[philosophia]]e [[linguistica]]eque anno [[1945]] apud [[Universitas Pennsylvaniensis|Universitatem Pennsylvaniensem]] studere coepit, talibus philosophis qualibus [[C. West Churchman]] et [[Nelson Goodman]] linguistaque [[Zellig Harris]] docentibus. Inter Harris doctrinas erat transformationem munere fungentem [[Transformatio linearis|analysis mathematicae]] structurae linguarum<!--(mappings from one subset to another in the set of sentences)-->. Chomsky de legibus morphophonemicis in anni [[1951]] [[thesis magistri|thesi magistri]], ''The Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew'' (sc. "de Morphophonemica Linguae Hebraicae Hodiernae") appellata, locutus est<!--as transformations in the sense of [[Rudolf Carnap|Carnap's]] 1938 notion of rules of transformation (vs. rules of formation), and subsequently reinterpreted the notion of grammatical transformations in a very different way from Harris, as operations on the productions of a [[context-free grammar]] (derived from [[Post canonical system|Post production systems]])-->. Notiones civiles quoque Harris partes gesserunt in eis Chomsky formandis.<ref name="Barsky1997">{{cite book|last=Barsky|first=Robert Franklin|title=Noam Chomsky: a life of dissent|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GhwvCoZBFoYC&pg=PA47|accessdate=16 August 2011|year=1997|publisher=ECW Press|isbn=978-1-55022-281-49781550222814|page=47}}</ref> Chomsky anno [[1949]] [[Artium Baccalaureus|Artium Baccalaureum]] accepit, annoque [[1951]] [[Magister Artium|Magistrum Artium]].
 
Anno [[1949]], [[Carola Chomsky|Carolam Schatz]] linguistam in [[matrimonium]] duxit, annosque 59 una remanserunt, usque ad [[mors|mortem]] illius [[cancer]]e mense Decembre [[2008]] effectam.<ref>
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|publisher=Boston Globe
|date=2008-12-20
|url=http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2008/12/20/carol_chomsky_at_78_harvard_language_professor_was_wife_of_mit_linguist/}}
</ref> Duas genuerunt filias, [[Aviva Chomsky|Avivam]] (n. 1957) et Dianam (n. 1960), et [[filius|filium]] unum, Harry (n. 1967). Una cum [[uxor]]e, Chomsky tempus anno [[1953]] habuit in [[HaZore'a]], [[kibbutz]] in [[Israel (civitas)|Israël]] sito. Ipse, colloquio utrum mansio ei erat frustrationi<!--a disappointment--> rogatus, inquit, "Non ita, id amavi," quamquam "[[nationalismus|nationalismum]] ferventem" et "[[atmosphaera]]m [[ideologia|ideologicam]] subire nequieba[t]"<ref group="conv.">"No I loved it"; "couldn't stand the ideological atmosphere"; "fervent nationalism"</ref> ineuntibus [[decennium 196|annis 1950]], cum [[Iosephus Stalin|Stalin]] a multis sinistrarum partium defenderetur, qui rebus et illius aetatis et futuris [[Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum|Sovieticis]] speciem dare [[pulchritudo|pulchram]] solebant.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20051110.htm |title=Noam Chomsky interviewed by Shira Hadad |publisher=Chomsky.info |date= |accessdate=2011-08-16}}.</ref> Chomsky se dicit vidisse multa bona in kibbutz, in quo genitores liberique una [[habitatio|habitabant]] in domibus divisis, et rogatus an sint "praecepta discenda ab historia kibbutzim,"<ref group="conv.">"lessons that we have learned from the history of the kibbutz"</ref> respondit,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zmag.org/zspace/commentaries/186 |title=Eight Question on Kibbutzim: Answers from Noam Chomsky Questions from Nikos Raptis |publisher=Zmag.org |date=1999-08-24 |accessdate=2011-08-16}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csudh.edu/dearhabermas/kibbutzim01.htm |title=Kibbutzim as a Climate for Learning |publisher=Csudh.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-08-16}}.</ref> "non nullis modis, kibbutzim proprius ad perfectionem anarchistam ierunt quam ullus conatus alius, qui longius quam momentum breve superaverit ante eius deletionem, aut qui tam magnus fuerit. His modis, apprime suaves et prosperos eos puto fuisse; nisi casu personali, sine dubio ipse ibi vixissem — quanto temporis, difficile coniectu."<ref group="conv.">"In some respects, the kibbutzim came closer to the anarchist ideal than any other attempt that lasted for more than a very brief moment before destruction, or that was on anything like a similar scale. In these respects, I think they were extremely attractive and successful; apart from personal accident, I probably would have lived there myself – for how long, it's hard to guess."</ref>▼
|accessdate=2008-12-20}}
▲</ref> Duas genuerunt filias, [[Aviva Chomsky|Avivam]] (n. 1957) et Dianam (n. 1960), et [[filius|filium]] unum, Harry (n. 1967). Una cum [[uxor]]e, Chomsky tempus anno [[1953]] habuit in [[HaZore'a]], [[kibbutz]] in [[Israel (civitas)|Israël]] sito. Ipse, colloquio utrum mansio ei erat frustrationi<!--a disappointment--> rogatus, inquit, "Non ita, id amavi," quamquam "[[nationalismus|nationalismum]] ferventem" et "[[atmosphaera]]m [[ideologia|ideologicam]] subire nequieba[t]"<ref group="conv.">"No I loved it"; "couldn't stand the ideological atmosphere"; "fervent nationalism"</ref> ineuntibus [[decennium 196|annis 1950]], cum [[Iosephus Stalin|Stalin]] a multis sinistrarum partium defenderetur, qui rebus et illius aetatis et futuris [[Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum|Sovieticis]] speciem dare [[pulchritudo|pulchram]] solebant.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20051110.htm |title=Noam Chomsky interviewed by Shira Hadad |publisher=Chomsky.info |date= |accessdate=2011-08-16}}.</ref> Chomsky se dicit vidisse multa bona in kibbutz, in quo genitores liberique una [[habitatio|habitabant]] in domibus divisis, et rogatus an sint "praecepta discenda ab historia kibbutzim,"<ref group="conv.">"lessons that we have learned from the history of the kibbutz"</ref> respondit,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zmag.org/zspace/commentaries/186 |title=Eight Question on Kibbutzim: Answers from Noam Chomsky Questions from Nikos Raptis |publisher=Zmag.org |date=1999-08-24 |accessdate=2011-08-16}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csudh.edu/dearhabermas/kibbutzim01.htm |title=Kibbutzim as a Climate for Learning |publisher=Csudh.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-08-16}}.</ref> "non nullis modis, kibbutzim proprius ad perfectionem anarchistam ierunt quam ullus conatus alius, qui longius quam momentum breve superaverit ante eius deletionem, aut qui tam magnus fuerit. His modis, apprime suaves et prosperos eos puto fuisse; nisi casu personali, sine dubio ipse ibi vixissem — quanto temporis, difficile coniectu."<ref group="conv.">"In some respects, the kibbutzim came closer to the anarchist ideal than any other attempt that lasted for more than a very brief moment before destruction, or that was on anything like a similar scale. In these respects, I think they were extremely attractive and successful; apart from personal accident, I probably would have lived there myself – for how long, it's hard to guess."</ref>
 
Chomsky [[PhD]] in [[linguistica]] ab [[Universitas Pennsylvaniensis|Universitate Pennsylvaniensi]] anno [[1955]] accepit. Partem exquaesitionis doctoralis apud [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatem Harvardianam]] tamquam [[Harvard Junior Fellow]] egit. In thesi sua, rationes linguisticas confirmare coepit, quas extendit in anni 1957 [[liber|libro]] ''[[Syntactic Structures]]'', uno ex illustrissimis operibus linguisticis eius.
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|pages=
|date=1967-02-23
|accessdateurl= 2007-09-03http://www.nybooks.com/articles/12172}}.</ref> in ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'' proditum. Secuta est ''[[American Power and the New Mandarins]],'' anni [[1969]] commentariorum collectio. Critica eius [[Civilitas rerum externarum Civitatum Foederataru|civilitatis rerum externarum Civitatum Foederatarum]] et ad legitimitatem potestatis Americanae spectantia multas controversias creaverunt,<ref>{{cite web▼
|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/12172
▲ |accessdate= 2007-09-03}}</ref> in ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'' proditum. Secuta est ''[[American Power and the New Mandarins]],'' anni [[1969]] commentariorum collectio. Critica eius [[Civilitas rerum externarum Civitatum Foederataru|civilitatis rerum externarum Civitatum Foederatarum]] et ad legitimitatem potestatis Americanae spectantia multas controversias creaverunt,<ref>{{cite web
|last=Flint
|first=Anthony
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|date=1995-11-19
|url=http://www.chomsky.info/onchomsky/19951119.htm
|accessdate=2007-09-04
|quote=Ask this intellectual radical why he is shunned by the mainstream, and he'll say that established powers have never been able to handle his brand of dissent.}}
.</ref><ref>Barsky (1997), {{cite web|url=http://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/chomsky/chomsky/4/17.html |title=Chapter 4|accessdate=2007-09-04}} Barsky quotes an excerpt of [[Edward S. Herman|Edward Herman]] examining why "one of America's most well-known intellectuals and dissidents would be thus ignored and even ostracized by the mainstream press". For example, "Chomsky has never had an Op Ed column in the ''[[Washington Post]]'', and his lone opinion piece in the ''[[New York Times]]'' was not an original contribution but rather excerpts from testimony before the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]]."</ref> et publicationibus et nuntiorum emissariis internationalibus quaeri solet ut sententias suas explanet. Anno 1997, [[Acroasis Huizinga|Acroasin Huizinga]] [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]] protulit, eo titulo: ''Intellectuals and the State'' ("de Intellectualibus et Statu").
</ref> et publicationibus et nuntiorum emissariis internationalibus quaeri solet ut sententias suas explanet. Anno 1997, [[Acroasis Huizinga|Acroasin Huizinga]] [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]] protulit, eo titulo: ''Intellectuals and the State'' ("de Intellectualibus et Statu").
 
Mortis minas Chomsky propter critica eius civilitatis rerum externarum Americanae concepit.<ref name="Stroumboulopoulos">{{cite news
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|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]
|date=2006-03-13
|accessdateurl=2007-09-04http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/video.php?id=991}}.</ref> [[Theodorus Kaczynski|Theodori Kaczynski]], fortasse melius nomine Unabomber noti, indici interficiendorum intererat; eo spatio, quo Kaczynski liber erat, Chomsky omnes epistulas et mandata ne materiae displosivae eis inesset indagari<!--checked for explosives--> habebat.<ref name="Stroumboulopoulos"/> Se dicit [[vigil]]um tectorum<!--"undercover" secundum Morgan's--> custodia solere uti, praecipue cum in campis MIT versatur, licet de hac re abnuat.<ref name="Stroumboulopoulos"/>▼
|url=http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/video.php?id=991
▲|accessdate=2007-09-04}}</ref> [[Theodorus Kaczynski|Theodori Kaczynski]], fortasse melius nomine Unabomber noti, indici interficiendorum intererat; eo spatio, quo Kaczynski liber erat, Chomsky omnes epistulas et mandata ne materiae displosivae eis inesset indagari<!--checked for explosives--> habebat.<ref name="Stroumboulopoulos"/> Se dicit [[vigil]]um tectorum<!--"undercover" secundum Morgan's--> custodia solere uti, praecipue cum in campis MIT versatur, licet de hac re abnuat.<ref name="Stroumboulopoulos"/>
 
[[Lexingtonia (Massachusetta)|Lexingtoniae]] in [[Massachusetta]] incolit, et commeare solet, de rebus civilibus acroases proferens.
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=== Linguistica ===
 
{{Main|Linguistica}}
 
Linguistica Chomskiana, libro ''[[Syntactic Structures]]'' incepta, destillatione operis sui ''Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory'' (1966, 75) (scilicet "Structura Logica Theoriae Linguisticae"), [[Linguistica structuralis|linguisticae structurali]] obstans [[Grammatica transformationalis|grammaticam transformationalem]] praefert. Quae loquellas,<ref group="conv.">"utterances"</ref> id est verborum sequentias, censet [[Syntaxis|syntaxin]] grammatica formali definitam habere; [[Grammatica contextu vacans|grammatica vacanti contextu]] in primis, legibus transformationalibus extenta.
 
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Recentius eius [[Programma Minimalisticum|Programmate Minimalistico]] ([[1995]]), concepto Principiorum et Parametrorum detento, Chomsky meliorationem gravem machinae linguisticae ad exemplar LGB adtinenti efficere conatur, omnibus praeter nuda elementaria eius exuendis. Disciplinam generalem ad linguae humanae architecturam spectantem advocat, quae oeconomiae formaeque optimae principiis operam det, et disciplinae ad generationem pertinenti derivationali redeat, potius quam theoriae P&P classicae disciplinae aliquam repraesentationali.
 
Rationes Chomskianae multum eos adfecerunt, qui liberorum [[Adquisitio linguae|linguae adquisitionem]] investigant, licet multi in his rebus versantes ut puta [[Elizabetha Bates]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Elman, J., Bates, E., Johnson, M., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Parisi, D., & Plunkett, K. |year=1996|title=Rethinking innateness: A connectionist perspective on development|publisher= Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books}}</ref> et [[Michael Tomasello]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Tomasello, M|year=2003|title= Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition|publisher= Harvard University Press| isbn=0-674-01764-10674017641}}/</ref> contra theorias Chomskii arguant, advocantque theorias potius [[Emergentia|emergentisticas]] [[Connexionismus|connexionisticasve]]: linguam explanandam censent mechanismis generalibus<!--"general processing mechanisms"--> in [[Cerebrum|cerebro]] sitis, qui multiplicibus et extensis rebus circumiectis socialibus, in quibus lingua adhibetur et discitur, se intermisceant.
 
[[Phonologia]]m tractans notissimum forsitan opus Chomskii est ''[[The Sound Pattern of English]]'' ([[1968]]; sc. "de Forma Sonorum Linguae Anglicae"), una cum [[Morris Halle]] scriptum et saepe tantummodo nomine ''SPE'' appellatum. Hoc opus huius facultatis progressionem valde affecit. Quamquam ex hoc tempore theoria phonologica "phonologiam SPE" multis modis excessit, systema SPE praecursor fuisse dicitur theoriarum phonologicarum maximi momenti hodiernarum, inter quas [[phonologia autosegmentalis]], phonologia lexicalis, [[theoria optimalitatis]]. Chomsky iam de phonologia non scribit.
 
==== Grammatica generativa ====
 
{{Main|Grammatica generativa}}
 
Disciplina Chomskiana ad syntaxin inspiciendam, quae ''grammatica generativa'' appellari solet, grammaticam quasi corpus [[Gnaritas|scientiae]] a locutoribus cuiusdam linguae habitum videt. Ex annibus [[Decennium 197|1960]], Chomsky multum huius scientiae censuit esse innatum, quapropter liberis solum non nulla [[Sermo patrius|sermonis eis patrii]] localia discenda sunt.<ref name="aspects">{{cite book|title=Aspects of the Theory of Syntax|publisher=MIT Press|author=Chomsky, Noam|year=1965|isbn=0-262-53007-4}}</ref> Corpus innatum scientiae linguae saepe [[grammatica universalis]] nominatur. Potentissimum, sententia Chomskii, Grammaticae Universalis existentiae indicium in eo est, quod liberi tam cito linguam patriam feliciter adquirunt, atque quod immane exstat spatium inter stimulos linguisticos, quibus liberi praebentur, et opulentem scientiam linguisticam, quam obtinent. Ecce theoria [[Paupertas stimuli|paupertatis stimuli]]. Hoc spatium scientia Grammaticae Universalis continuetur.
 
Theoriae Chomskii, quippe quae linguisticam valdissime adfecerunt, critica quoque acceperunt. Chomskianae grammaticae generativae continua critica ad eius Anglocentrismum et Eurocentrismum spectant, quod linguistae in hac traditione versantes de Universali Grammatica res dicere soleant, quae ex parvae studio linguarum quantitatis elata sint, interdumque solum unius linguae. In primis, Eurocentrismus per nimiam linguae Anglicae factam emphasin exhibita sit. Nunc autem centenis linguis non nulla saltem opera intra analyses Chomskianas data est.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Logical relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar|author=Huang, Cheng-Teh James|year=1982|url= |publisher=MIT PhD dissertation}} Available online [http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/15215].</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hidatsa Syntax|author=Matthews, G.H.|year=1965|publisher=Mouton}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Platero, Paul Randolph|year=1978|title=Missing noun phrases in Navajo|publisher=MIT PhD dissertation}} Available online [http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/16328].</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Towards a Minimalist Account of Quirky Case and Licensing in Icelandic|author=Schütze, Carson T.|year=1993|publisher=MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 19}} Available online [http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/cschutze/Icelandic.MITWPL.fixed.pdf].</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Matching Effects and the Syntax-Morphology Interface: Evidence from Hindi Correlatives|author=Bhatt, Rajesh|publisher=MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 31|year=1997}} Available online [http://people.umass.edu/bhatt/papers/mscil.pdf].</ref> Diversitate linguarum, quae derivationibus Grammaticae Universalis definitae sunt, non obstante, critici formalismos linguisticae Chomskianae esse Anglocentricos dicunt, et harum linguarum linguae Anglicae dissimilium detorquere proprietates.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science|author=Evans, N., & Levinson, S. C.|year=2009|publisher=Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(5), 429-492}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Don't sleep, there are snakes: Life and language in the Amazonian jungle|author=Everett, D.|year=2008|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=0-375-42502-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Linguistic diversity and theoretical assumptions|author=Van Valin, R.|year=2000|publisher=Chicago Linguistic Society Parasession Papers|volume=35|pages=373-391}}.</ref> Cognitionem Chomskii ideo formam esse [[Imperialismus linguisticus|imperialismi linguistici]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Mühlhäusler |first= Peter |year= 1996 |title= Linguistic Ecology: Language Change and Linguistic Imperialism in the Pacific Region |location= London |publisher= [[Routledge]] |pages= [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JteZjcSr038C&pg=PA331 330–1] }}.</ref> Linguistas Chomskianos ceteroquin ut quales cuiusdam linguae phrases bene formatae sint sciant in praesagitione<!--"intuition"--> locutorum, quibus haec lingua sit patria, nimis incumbere. Quod propter methodologiam incusatum est. Non nulli [[Psychologia|psychologi]] et [[Psycholinguistica|psycholinguistae]], doctrinae Chomskianae generaliter amici, arguerunt linguistas Chomskianos parum operae rebus experimentalibus<!--"experimental data"--> ex ''language processing'' obtentis dare, quam ob rem theoriae eorum psychologice inexplebiles fiant. Critici alii (vide "[[Eruditio linguae]]"<!--"language learning"-->) utrum Grammaticam componere Universalem deceat ad liberorum adquisitionem linguisticam explanandam, in dubio habent, quia dominio generales (''domain-general'') eruditionis mechanismos satisfaciant.
 
Nunc sunt multi et diversi grammaticae generativae rami, ita ut constitutiones tamquam [[grammatica syntagmatica nuclearis]], [[grammatica lexico-functionalis]], [[grammatica categorialis combinatoria]] Chomskianae generativaeque fere dici possint.
 
==== Hierarchia Chomskiana ====
 
{{Main|Hierarchia Chomskiana}}
 
Chomsky diversa [[Lingua formalis|linguarum formalium]] genera scrutatus est, ut cognosceret utrum proprietates linguae humanae graves capere possent. Ponit hierarchia Chomskiana [[Grammatica formalis|grammaticas formales]] in classes (seu greges), quibus est semper maior potestas expressiva; id est, omnis classis maiorem numerum linguarum formalium classe priori progenerare potest. Chomsky arguit quibusdam linguae humanae partibus, ut formentur, multipliciore opus esse grammatica formali (secundum hierarchiam illam), quam aliis. Dum [[lingua regularis]], exempli gratia, sat potens sit ut linguae Anglicae [[Morphologia (linguistica)|morphologia]] describatur, non ita de [[Syntaxis|syntaxi]] Anglica agitur. Non solum linguisticam sed etiam [[informatica]]m tangit hierarchia Chomskiana (praesertim quod ad [[Compilatrum|compilatrorum]] comparationem et [[Theoria automatorum|automatorum theoriam]] spectat).<ref>Martin, Davis. ''Computability, complexity, and languages: Fundamentals of theoretical computer science''. Boston: Academic, Harcourt, Brace, 1994: 327. Print.</ref> Est enim similitudo inter linguae hierarchiam Chomskianam et diversa automatorum genera, ita ut theoremata de linguis sive linguas (grammaticas) sive automata tractent.
 
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=== De rebus civilibus ===
{{Main|Civilitas Noam Chomsky}}
 
{{Anarchismus}}
Chomsky dixit suas "sententias personales admodum traditionales [[anarchismus|anarchistas]], cum originibus in [[Aevum Illuminationis|Illuminatione]] et [[Liberalismus classicus|liberalismo classico]]" esse,<ref group="conv.">"personal visions are fairly traditional anarchist ones, with origins in the Enlightenment and classical liberalism"</ref><ref name="Chomsky 1996, pp. 71">Chomsky (1996), pp. 71.</ref> et [[Socialismus libertarianus|socialismum libertarianum]] laudavit.<ref>Chomsky, Noam, "Notes on Anarchism" [http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/other/notes-on-anarchism.html] … "Libertarian socialism is properly to be regarded as the inheritor of the liberal ideals of the Enlightenment."</ref> Quamquam ambiguitatem lemmatum<!--"labels"--> cavet, sententiae eius civiles ad sinistram pertinere dici solent,<ref>{{cite news|last=Shane|first=Scott|title=Bin Laden Resurfaces in Recordings|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/03/world/asia/03binladen.html|accessdate=20 September 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Thomson|first=Desson|title=Morris, McNamara: Bound by 'The Fog'|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=21 December 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Folkenflik|first=David|title=William F. Buckley, Conservative Bulwark, Dies|url=http://m.npr.org/news/front/62983288?singlePage=true|accessdate=20 September 2011|publisher=NPR|date=27 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gollust|first=David|title=US Sticking With Choice for Envoy Despite Venezuelan Rejection|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/americas/US-Sticking-With-Choice-for-Envoy-Despite-Venezuelan-Rejection--112972279.html|accessdate=20 September 2011|newspaper=Voice of America|date=5 January 2011}}</ref> seseque [[Anarcho-syndicalismus|anarchosyndicalisticum]] esse dixit.<ref name="Anarcho-Syndicalism 2004">Chomsky wrote the preface to an edition of [[Rudolf Rocker]]'s book ''Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice''. In it Chomsky wrote: "I felt at once, and still feel, that Rocker was pointing the way to a much better world, one that is within our grasp, one that may well be the only alternative to the 'universal catastrophe' towards which 'we are driving on under full sail'…" Book Citation: Rudolph Rocker. ''Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice''. AK Press. p. ii. 2004.</ref> Socius est societatum [[Campaign for Peace and Democracy]] et [[Industrial Workers of the World]] syndicatus internationalis,<ref>'[http://www.iww.org/en/history/biography Industrial Workers of the World - IWW Biography] Nexus die 2012-2-11 confirmatus</ref> nec non societatis [[International Organization for a Participatory Society]], quam putat "longe nos conferre" posse "ad conatus disperse in orbe terrarum factos unificandos eosque in vim potentem efficientemque conformare."<ref group="conv.">"carry us a long way towards unifying the many initiatives here and around the world and molding them into a powerful and effective force"</ref><ref>[http://www.iopsociety.org/interim-committee International Organization for a Participatory Society - Interim Committee] Retrieved 2012-3-31.</ref><ref>[http://www.zcommunications.org/znet ZNet - Consider IOPS] Retrieved 2012-4-3.</ref> De anarchismo librum, ''Chomsky on Anarchism'' nomine, qui acroases et scripta Chomskii ad anarchismum spectantia colligeret, [[AK Press]] societas litteraria collectiva anno [[2006]] protulit.▼
 
▲Chomsky dixit suas "sententias personales admodum traditionales [[anarchismus|anarchistas]], cum originibus in [[Aevum Illuminationis|Illuminatione]] et [[Liberalismus classicus|liberalismo classico]]" esse,<ref group="conv.">"personal visions are fairly traditional anarchist ones, with origins in the Enlightenment and classical liberalism"</ref><ref name="Chomsky 1996, pp. 71">Chomsky (1996), pp. 71.</ref> et [[Socialismus libertarianus|socialismum libertarianum]] laudavit.<ref>Chomsky, Noam, "Notes on Anarchism" [http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/other/notes-on-anarchism.html] … "Libertarian socialism is properly to be regarded as the inheritor of the liberal ideals of the Enlightenment."</ref> Quamquam ambiguitatem lemmatum<!--"labels"--> cavet, sententiae eius civiles ad sinistram pertinere dici solent,<ref>{{cite news|last=Shane|first=Scott|title=Bin Laden Resurfaces in Recordings|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/03/world/asia/03binladen.html|accessdate=20 September 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Thomson|first=Desson|title=Morris, McNamara: Bound by 'The Fog'|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=21 December 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Folkenflik|first=David|title=William F. Buckley, Conservative Bulwark, Dies|url=http://m.npr.org/news/front/62983288?singlePage=true|accessdate=20 September 2011|publisher=NPR|date=27 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gollust|first=David|title=US Sticking With Choice for Envoy Despite Venezuelan Rejection|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/americas/US-Sticking-With-Choice-for-Envoy-Despite-Venezuelan-Rejection--112972279.html|accessdate=20 September 2011|newspaper=Voice of America|date=5 January 2011}}</ref> seseque [[Anarcho-syndicalismus|anarchosyndicalisticum]] esse dixit.<ref name="Anarcho-Syndicalism 2004">Chomsky wrote the preface to an edition of [[Rudolf Rocker]]'s book ''Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice''. In it Chomsky wrote: "I felt at once, and still feel, that Rocker was pointing the way to a much better world, one that is within our grasp, one that may well be the only alternative to the 'universal catastrophe' towards which 'we are driving on under full sail'…" Book Citation: Rudolph Rocker. ''Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice''. AK Press. p. ii. 2004.</ref> Socius est societatum [[Campaign for Peace and Democracy]] et [[Industrial Workers of the World]] syndicatus internationalis,<ref>'[http://www.iww.org/en/history/biography Industrial Workers of the World - IWW Biography] Nexus die 2012-2-11 confirmatus</ref> nec non societatis [[International Organization for a Participatory Society]], quam putat "longe nos conferre" posse "ad conatus disperse in orbe terrarum factos unificandos eosque in vim potentem efficientemque conformare."<ref group="conv.">"carry us a long way towards unifying the many initiatives here and around the world and molding them into a powerful and effective force"</ref><ref>[http://www.iopsociety.org/interim-committee International Organization for a Participatory Society - Interim Committee] Retrieved 2012-3-31</ref><ref>[http://www.zcommunications.org/znet ZNet - Consider IOPS] Retrieved 2012-4-3</ref> De anarchismo librum, ''Chomsky on Anarchism'' nomine, qui acroases et scripta Chomskii ad anarchismum spectantia colligeret, [[AK Press]] societas litteraria collectiva anno [[2006]] protulit.
 
Chomsky in activismo civili partes egit omnem per vitam suam adultam, et sententiae de civilitate rebusque internationalibus, quas sonuit, late citantur<!--cite/quote--> et circumferuntur. Chomsky suas sententias esse illas, quas potentes audire nolint, dixit, quam ob rem Americanum [[dissidens|dissidentem]] civilum esse habetur.
 
Ait Chomsky [[Potestas politica|auctoritatem]], nisi aliter demonstratam, natura illegitimam esse, et in eis, qui auctoritate utantur, indicii pondus<!--"burden of proof"--> esse; hoc pondus, si excusari nequeat, subvertendum esse, cum iniusta sit auctoritas auctoratatis causa. Auctoritatis iustae exempli causa Chomsky adultum, qui liberum, ne in via autocinetorum plena eat, prohibentem excogitavit.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://youtube.com/watch?v=2G6kf7XM9Nk |title='&#39;Anarchism 101 with Noam Chomsky'&#39; |publisher=Youtube.com |date=2007-10-10 |accessdate=2011-08-16}}.</ref> Paulum discriminis moralis inter 'veram' servitutem (''chattel slavery'') et "[[Servitudo salariaria|servitudinem salariariam]]," id est sese patrono conducere, esse decertat. Quod impetum esse in libertatem individualem factum putat. [[Operarius|Operariis]] locum laborandi possidendum et gubernendum esse habet, quod etiam (ut notat ille) [[:en:Lowell Mill Girls|Puellae Lowell Mill]] credebant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Chomsky/chomsky-con2.html |title=Conversation with Noam Chomsky, p. 2 of 5 |publisher=Globetrotter.berkeley.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-08-16}}</ref>
 
Vehementer incusavit Chomsky [[Civilitas rerum externarum Civitatum Foederatarum|civilitatem rerum externarum Americanam]]. [[Norma duplex|Duplice norma]] Civitates Foederatas uti habet, quae [[democratia]]m libertatemque adnuntient dum antidemocraticas tyrannicasque organizationes adiuvent, sicut [[Chilia]]m [[Augustus Pinochet|Augusto Pinochet]] regnante. Quod putat magnas in violationes [[Iura humana|iurum humanorum]] defluere. Arguere solet Civitatum Foederatarum interventus in civitatibus aliis factos, inter quos operam ad [[Contras]] [[Nicaragua]]e datam, quam rem multum repugnavit, ulli [[tromocratia]]e definitioni convenire,<ref>[http://www.zmag.org/GlobalWatch/chomskymit.htm An Evening With Noam Chomsky]</ref> et enim "definitioni publicae in Americano Codice et Exercitus Enchiridiis inventae ineuntibus annis 1980."<ref group="conv.">"official definitions in the US Code and Army Manuals in the early 1980s"</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chomsky.info/articles/200501--.pdf |title=Simple Truths, Hard Problems: Some thoughts on terror, justice, and self-defence* |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Noam Chomsky |url=http://www.chomsky.info/articles/199112--02.htm |title=International Terrorism: Image and Reality |publisher=Chomsky.info |date= |accessdate=2011-08-16}}</ref> Ante eius casum, [[Unio Sovietica|Unionis quoque Sovieticae]] imperialismum Chomsky condemnavit; anno [[1986]], verbi gratia, inter cursum quaestionum et respondorum post acroasin, quae apud [[Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"]] dederat, cum provocatus sit de modo, quo "de Americae Septentrionalis imperialismo et Russico imperialismo eadem anima loqui"<ref group="conv.">"talk about North American imperialism and Russian imperialism in the same breath"</ref> potuerit, Chomsky respondit: "Una e mundi veritatibus est [[superpotentia]]s esse duas, alteram, quae sit immanis et quae, ut evenit, in cervice tua caligam suam teneat; alteram, quae sit minor et quae, ut evenit, in aliorum cervicibus caligam suam teneat. Quemquam in [[Orbis Tertius|Orbi Tertio]] viventem puto graviter errare, si in illusiones de his rebus cadat."<ref group="conv.">"One of the truths about the world is that there are two superpowers, one a huge power which happens to have its boot on your neck; another, a smaller power which happens to have its boot on other people's necks. I think that anyone in the Third World would be making a grave error if they succumbed to illusions about these matters."</ref><ref name="Chomsky1987">{{cite book|last=Chomsky|first=Noam|title=On power and ideology: the Managua lectures|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ot6pRjxv2ykC&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q=a%20huge%20power&f=false|accessdate=16 August 2011|year=1987|publisher=South End Press|isbn=978-0-89608-289-29780896082892|pages=51}}.</ref>
 
De [[Mors Usamae bin Laden|Usamae bin Laden morte]], Chomsky inquit:
 
<blockquote>
Nobis est rogandum, quo modo reaguerimus, si [[Iracum|Iracenses]] manus in [[Georgius W. Bush|Georgii W. Bush]] domum appulerint, eum occiderint, corpusque suum in [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlantico]] deiacuerint. Sine controversia, scelera eius valde ultra ea bin Laden excesserunt, neque is est 'suspectus' sed sine controversia 'imperator' qui iussit 'summum scelus internationale' contrahi, 'quod modo in hoc ab aliis belli sceleribus discrepet, quod in eo ipso omnium rerum malum accumulatum concludat' (ut [[Iudicia Norimbergensia]] revocem), propter quae malefactores [[Nazista]]e [[Damnatio ad furcam|ad furcam]] damnati sunt: centena milia mortuorum, milliones [[Profugus|profugorum]], deletionem multi nationis, amaram dissensionem sectarianam, quae in regionis reliquum effudit.<ref group="conv.">"We might ask ourselves how we would be reacting if Iraqi commandos landed at George W. Bush's compound, assassinated him, and dumped his body in the Atlantic. Uncontroversially, his crimes vastly exceed bin Laden’s, and he is not a 'suspect' but uncontroversially the 'decider' who gave the orders to commit the 'supreme international crime differing only from other war crimes in that it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole' (quoting the Nuremberg Tribunal) for which Nazi criminals were hanged: the hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of refugees, destruction of much of the country, [and] the bitter sectarian conflict that has now spread to the rest of the region."</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guernicamag.com/blog/2652/noam_chomsky_my_reaction_to_os/ |title=Noam Chomsky: My Reaction to Osama bin Laden’s Death |publisher=Guernicamag.com |date= |accessdate=2011-08-16}}.</ref>
</blockquote>
 
{{Socialismus libertarianus}}
 
[[Media in Civitatibus Foederatis|Media Civitatum Foederatarum]] contendit late munere fungi "[[Bought Priesthood|sacerdotii empticii]]"<ref name="ChomskyOtero2003_2">{{cite book|last1=Chomsky|first1=Noam|last2=Otero|first2=Carlos Peregrín|title=Chomsky on democracy & education|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=84NQ3IXpbOYC&pg=PA30|accessdate=16 August 2011|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-92632-49780415926324|pages=30–}}.</ref> [[Rectio CFA|rectionis]] et [[corporatio]]num Americanarum, cum haec tria communibus causis<!--"common interests"--> intexantur. In illustra [[Gualterius Lippmann|Gualterio Lippmann]] relatione<!--"reference"-->, Chomsky una cum coscriptore [[Eduardus S. Herman|Eduardo S. Herman]] in libro ''[[Manufacturing Consent]]'' scripsit media Americana plebis consensionem per [[exemplar propagandae]] adferre. Chomsky anni [[2010]] [[Iudicium Summum Civitatum Foederatarum|Iudicii Summi Civitatum Foederatarum]] ''[[Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission|Citizens United]]'' consilium condemnavit, quo fines expeditionibus comitialibus<!--"electoral campaigns"--> facti abrogati sunt, quod "corporatam democratiae rapinam" appellavit.<ref group="conv.">"corporate takeover of democracy"</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Noam Chomsky |url=http://chomsky.info/articles/20100124.htm |title=The Corporate Takeover of U.S. Democracy |publisher=Chomsky.info |date= |accessdate=2011-08-16}}.</ref>
 
[[:en:War on Drugs|Bello Drogis Facto]] adversatur, dicens usum dictionis decipere, idque "bellum nonnullis drogis factum" (''the war on certain drugs'') advocat. [[:en:Drug policy reform|Reformationi civilitatis drogarum]] favet, docendo et praeveniendo factae potius quam actionibus rei militaris vigilumve, ad drogarum usum minuendum.<ref name="certain">{{cite web
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|publisher=[[Z Communications|ZMag]]
|year=1993
|accessdateurl=2007http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/sam/sam-073-27 2.html}}.</ref> In anni [[1999]] colloquio, Chomsky arguit, cum nihil usus talium rerum qualium [[tabacum|tabaci]] curae sit rectioni, tum in usum [[cannabis]], verbi gratia, impetum facit propter [[Paupertas|pauperum]] opprimendorum consecutiones.<ref name="poor">{{cite video▼
|url=http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/sam/sam-3-2.html
▲ |accessdate=2007-07-27 }}</ref> In anni [[1999]] colloquio, Chomsky arguit, cum nihil usus talium rerum qualium [[tabacum|tabaci]] curae sit rectioni, tum in usum [[cannabis]], verbi gratia, impetum facit propter [[Paupertas|pauperum]] opprimendorum consecutiones.<ref name="poor">{{cite video
| people = Noam Chomsky et al.
|title=Noam Chomsky on Drugs{{dead link
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| medium = TV
|publisher=ROX
|date=1999}}.</ref> Dixit enim:
 
<blockquote>
Leges CFA domesticae metas, quas dicunt eis esse, non exsecutunt, legislatoresque bene hoc sciunt. Si non ad drogarum usum deminuendum, qualem ad rem spectant? Sane clarum est, actis et hodiernis et historicis, drogas criminalizari solere cum [[Classis socialis|classibus]] periculosis dictis coniungantur, non nullarum drogarum criminalizationem technicam imperii socialis esse.<ref group="conv.">"U.S. domestic drug policy does not carry out its stated goals, and policymakers are well aware of that. If it isn't about reducing substance abuse, what is it about? It is reasonably clear, both from current actions and the historical record, that substances tend to be criminalized when they are associated with the so-called dangerous classes, that the criminalization of certain substances is a technique of social control."</ref><ref name=control>{{cite web
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|publisher=[http://stopthedrugwar.org/home DRCNet]
|date=2002-02-08
|url=http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle-old/223/noamchomsky.shtml}}.</ref>
|accessdate=2007-07-27 }}</ref>
</blockquote>
 
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{{FA stella}}
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[[Categoria:Philologi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Professores Instituti Technologiae Massachusettensis]]
[[Categoria:Repugnatores vectigalium Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Socii Industrial Workers of the World]]
 
▲{{1000 paginae}}
▲{{Myrias|Homines}}
Receptum de "https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky"